INSULATE AND WATERPROOF CONSTRUCTION Department of Construction Management and Engineering North Dakota State University NATURE SA 2017-2018

Outline Introduction Activity I: Building your home Activity II : Radiation test Activity II : Rainstorm test Activity IV : Re-radiation test Discussion

Introduction: Question How much utilities have been paid for your home? Where the utility money goes for? Water Drinking, cooking, and washing, etc. Energy For a comfortable indoor condition through an HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning) system. Plug, cooking, etc.

Introduction: Energy End Use in Home HVAC: 76%! Residential site energy consumption by end use in North Dakota

Introduction: ND Building Facts in the Nation 1st ranking: Energy expenditure per capita (>$11,000) Energy consumption per capita in residential buildings (>105 MM BTU, ~1,000 gallon #87 gas) 2nd ranking: Energy consumption per capita in commercial buildings (>111 MM BTU, ~1,000 gallon #87 gas) 3rd ranking: The least third number of LEED-certified buildings LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a rating system devised by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) to evaluate the environmental performance of a building and encourage market transformation towards sustainable design.

Introduction: ND Building Facts in the Nation It is important to insulate and waterproof your home for a comfortable indoor condition, the efficient energy, and low utility cost!

Introduction: Background Information Define an ideal or comfortable indoor condition Dry-bulb temperature (e.g., 72 ⁰F) Relative Humidity (e.g., 50-60%) More building energy consumed by an HVAC system if a bigger difference between: the actual and ideal temperature the actual and ideal humidity ratio Measure energy: BTU (British thermal unit): energy needed to raise one ⁰F for one pound of water MM BTU: 106 BTU, energy of about 9 gallon #87 gas.

Activity I: Building Your Home Objective: build a sample home (2’-4’’ x 2’-4’’ x 2’-4’’) using the materials and tools provided Functions of Wall Layers: Siding: The first (the most outer) barrier to protect your home from outside elements like rain, snow, hail or ice; Beauty of home. House wrap: A water-resistive barrier (WRB); The primary function: resisting the infiltration of water into a building assembly.

Activity I: Building Your Home Oriented strand board (OSB) board: Also known as flakeboard; Load-bearing applications in construction; Commonly used as sheathing in walls, flooring, and roof decking. Furring strip: Thin strips of wood (typically measuring 1" x 2" or 1" x 3“) or other material; To level/resurface ceilings or walls, or To make space for insulation, or To level/raise surfaces of another material to prevent dampness. Insulation layer: To reduce heat transfer by forming the thermal envelop of a building; In the form (batts, blankets, loose-fill, spray foam, and panels); Common materials: fiberglass, spray foam, cotton, etc.

Activity I: Building Your Home Wall types: Wall type 1

Activity I: Building Your Home Wall type 2

Activity I: Building Your Home Wall type 3

Activity I: Building Your Home Lego-kit building materials: Siding; OSB sheathing; House wrap; Wood stud (furring strip); Different types of insulation (fiberglass batt and foam); Tape; Nuts. Tools: Sealant; Sealant gun; Ruler; Hammer; Screw driver; Nails; Gloves; Mask.

Activity I: Building Your Home Procedures: Show students the student reference sheets and design guide. Divide the class into up to four teams (4-6 students per team). Explain that they need to develop a building envelop system that can maintain the original indoor air conditions as possible after the tests such radiation and poured water. Introduce different designs strategies and materials used in the walls and roof for a better building performance, E.g, a flat roof is not a good choice for an area that received a great deal of snow as the weight of snow is more likely to collapse the roof structure. A hole should be placed on the roof for later measurements. Teams develop and implement a design.

Activity II: Radiation Test Objectives: Observe the change of air temperature and humidity inside and outside the sample; Draw the profiles of the two variables over time; Understand the phenomena Procedures: A radiation source is simulated by a heater placed in the sample house; Psychrometric readings (dry bulb temperature and relative humidity) inside and outside the house are continually measured during the test scenario. At the same time, students will manually record the psychrometic readings for comparison.

Activity II: Radiation Test Test tool: Heater Data logger, Computer Temperature and humidity sensor

Activity II: Radiation Test Draw Profiles: Draw two profiles from STATE 1 (before the activity II test) to STATE 2 (after the activity II test) using excel. One profile is time vs. humidity; the other time vs. temperature. Relative Humidity Temperature Time

Activity II: Radiation Test Questions: How do relative humidity change? Bulk or vapor water stored inside the sample? How does the temperature change (i.e., the heat transfer to the indoor air)? Why?

Activity III: Rainstorm Test Objectives: Observe the change of air temperature and humidity inside and outside the sample home; Draw the profiles of the two variables over time; Identify how the moisture and heat transfer will be affected by the bulk water poured on the siding (water leakage or water cooling)? Understand the phenomena Procedures: A rainstorm is simulated by water sprinkled from a set of water sprinklers placed nearby the sample house. Psychrometric readings inside and outside the house are continually measured during the test scenario. At the same time, students will manually record the psychrometic readings for comparison.

Activity III: Rainstorm Test Test tool: A set of water sprinklers Data logger, Computer Temperature and humidity sensor

Activity III: Rainstorm Test Draw Profiles: Draw two profiles from STATE 3 (before the activity III test) to STATE 4 (after the activity III test) using excel. One profile is time vs. humidity; the other time vs. temperature. Relative Humidity Temperature Time

Activity III: Rainstorm Test Questions: How do relative humidity change (i.e., bulk water stored in the sample and vapor water inside the sample)? How does the temperature change (i.e., the heat transfer to the indoor air)? Why?

Activity IV: Re-radiation Test Objectives: Observe the change of air temperature and humidity inside the sample home after the home stores water leakage from activity III; Draw the profiles of the two variables over time; Compare the phenomena with the phenomena from the original test activity II. Procedures: A radiation source is re-simulated by a heater placed in the sample house; Psychrometric readings inside and outside the house are continually measured during the test scenario. At the same time, students will manually record the psychrometic readings for comparison.

Activity IV: Re-radiation Test Test tool: Heater Data logger, Computer Temperature and humidity sensor

Activity IV: Re-radiation Test Draw Profiles: Draw two profiles from STATE 5 (before the activity IV test) to STATE 6 (after the activity IV test) using excel. One profile is time vs. humidity; the other time vs. temperature. Relative Humidity Temperature Time

Activity IV: Re-radiation Test Questions: How do relative humidity change (i.e., bulk water stored in the sample?) How does the temperature change (i.e., the heat transfer to the indoor air)? What is the profile difference between this activity and the original test activity II? Why?

Sample test This test was conducted at the outside of Engineering Building Door during 11:00am 11:30am August 27 (Sunday), 2017. The heat was during the 0-7 minuets, and the rainstorm during 7-12 minutes Each case has individual profile, there is no standard graph. Need explain the psychrometric chart change over time under different test scenarios.

Sample test

Discussion Questions: Any moisture transfer for the radiation test? How do bulk water stored in home affect the humidity ratio and the temperature inside house for the rainstorm test? Temperature change for the radiation test is slower or faster than that for the re-radiation test? Why? What are the adverse effects for a house with a too-humid/wet envelop?

Acknowledgements ND EPSCoR Prof. Chad Ulven Sarah Halls Corey Morin

Thank you!