Revolution in Russia Ch.14 Section.1

Czars Resist Change Practiced cruel/oppressive rule in the late 19th century-----caused social unrest Alexander III considered the following dangerous: Questioned absolute monarchy Worshiped outside of the Russian Orthodox Church Spoke any language other than Russian Harsh measures: Censorship on published materials, written documents, & personal letters Secret Police: monitored high schools/universities Prisoners sent to Siberia Attacked minority groups (JEWS)

Russia Industrializes Started with foreign investors and raising taxes Main components Heavy Industry STEEL industry: 1900 Russia ranked 4th (Only behind U.S., Germany, & GB) Trans-Siberian Railway: connected ”European-Russia” with Pacific markets

Revolution Movement Growth of factories brought problems: Harsh working conditions Low wages Child labor Karl Marx: believed industrial working class would overthrow the Czar Proletariat (workers) would rule the country Marxists Split Mensheviks- wanted a large number to support rev. Bolsheviks- wanted small number radical to the cause Vladimir Lenin: leader of Bolsheviks Exiled to Switzerland due to fear of death by Czar’s gov.

Crisis Lead to revolution Russo-Japanese War Fought over Manchuria Unrest started after citizens heard about defeats Bloody Sunday 200,000 workers/families petitioned @ Czar’s Winter Palace Started numerous strikes WWI Revealed weakness of leadership & military Soldiers abandoned cause & economy was failing

March Revolution March 1917—200,000 workers began rioting in the streets of Petrograd Czar Nicholas II forced to step down—executed a year later Provisional Gov. established Alexander Kerensky headed it and support for WWI cost him support Soviets: local councils of workers, peasants, and soldiers Lenin returned to Russia by Germany in hopes of ending fighting between Germany and Russia

Bolshevik Revolution Lenin soon gained control of major Russian cities Nov. 1917: Bolsheviks (Lenin) stormed the Winter Palace and took over the government Lenin’s Plan Distributed all farm land to peasants Gave control of factories to workers Ended fighting with Germany—Treaty of Brest- Litovsk

Russian Civil War White Army vs. Red Army White Army: return of Russia to the Czar and wanted a democratic gov. Led by Leon Trotsky US sent aid to White Army----did little to help 14 million Russians died in the three yr. war and famine afterwards Bolsheviks (Red Army) won

Lenin restores order War destroyed Russian economy Trade was at a standstill, industrial production dropped, many skilled workers fled to other countries New Economic Policy (NEP) Small-scale capitalism (small profits from crops & private ownership of business) Gov. kept control of major industries, banks, and communications Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR/Soviet Union) --- 1922 Bolsheviks became Communist Party Lenin established a dictatorship

Stalin becomes dictator Lenin suffers stroke in 1922---dies in 1924 Competition for power between Joseph Stalin & Leon Trotsky Stalin plotted his takeover Name meant “Man of Steel” As General Secretary he moved people into positions of power Took control of party in 1928 Forced Trotsky into exile in 1929