Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin’s q

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Silverman – 1999, MS TECHNOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND THE DIRECTION OF CORPORATE DIVERSIFICATION: TOWARD AN INTEGRATION OF THE RESOURCE-BASED VIEW AND TRANSACTION.
Advertisements

IMPERFECT COMPETITION MONOPOLY. GENERAL DESCRIPTION firm produces differentiated products  firm can set its price by itself, the imperfect competitor.
The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View
WHY DO SOME FIRMS SUCCEED? Why do some firms succeed and others fail? Possible explanations include- Luck. How does this help us understand decision-making?
Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases
Most Cited Research in Management Science
C H A P T E R C H E C K L I S T When you have completed your study of this chapter, you will be able to Describe and identify monopolistic competition.
CHAPTER 3 DEMAND AND SUPPLY ANALYSIS: THE FIRM Presenter’s name Presenter’s title dd Month yyyy.
Topic 8 – Competitive Issues in Banking. Competitive Issues in Banking Outline  Output Measurement  Productivity Measurement  Economies of Scale and.
Technological Resources and the Direction of Corporate Diversification: Toward an Integration of the Resource- based View and Transaction Cost Economics.
Diversification, Ricardian rents and Tobin’s q Cynthia A. MontgomeryBirger Wernerfelt Presented by Carla Fernández-Corrales, Fall 2013 The RAND Journal.
Chapter 7 Corporate Strategy and Capital Budgeting Decision
The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View (Margaret Peteraf, 1993) Group 1 Meredith, Barclay, Woo-je, and Kumar.
Topic 2.3 Theory of the Firm. Cost Theory Fixed Cost: costs that do not vary with changes in output example: rent Variable Cost: costs that vary with.
CHAPTER 6 CORPORATE-LEVEL STRATEGY
Diversification Ricardian Rents, and Tobin's q Presented by: Sandra Corredor Cynthia Montgomery Northwestern - Harvard RAND Journal of Economics (1988)
Technical Change, Competition and Vertical Integration Srinivasan Balakrishnan Birger Wernerfelt Strategic Management Journal (1986) by Eunkwang Seo Session.
The Resource-Based View Within The Conversation Of Strategic Management Joseph T. Mahoney J. Rajendran Pandian A Paper Summary By Amit Darekar Strategic.
Lecture 8: Capitalist Production Reading: Chapter 10.
Chapter Six Profit Maximization: Seeking Competitive Advantage.
Monopolistic Competition CHAPTER 13A. After studying this chapter you will be able to Define and identify monopolistic competition Explain how output.
Margaret Peteraf THE CORNERSTONES OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: A RESOURCE-BASED VIEW.
Slides by Minjae Lee, BADM 545 Fall 2013
Monopolistic Competition CHAPTER 16 C H A P T E R C H E C K L I S T When you have completed your study of this chapter, you will be able to 1 Describe.
Montgomery, C. & Wernerfelt, B. Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin’s q RAND Journal of Economics, 1988 Eva Herbolzheimer University of Illinois.
Multinational Cost of Capital and Capital Structure
“The Resource-Based View Within the Conversation of Strategic Management,” Strategic Management Journal 13(5): J.T. Mahoney & J.R. Pandian. (1993).
Diversifiction, Ricardian Rents, and Tobin’s q (Montgomery and Wernerfelt 1988) Group 1 Meredith, Barclay, Woo-je, and Kumar.
Monopolistic Competition CHAPTER 16 C H A P T E R C H E C K L I S T When you have completed your study of this chapter, you will be able to 1 Describe.
The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View Peteraf, Margaret A. (1993) Strategic Management Journal, Vol.14, Prepared By.
Beyond the Reach of the Invisible Hand: Impediments to Economic Activity, Market Failures, and Profitability Dennis A. Yao The Wharton School , University.
Pure (perfect) Competition Please listen to the audio as you work through the slides.
MERGER AND ACQUISITION STRATEGY
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS 12th Edition
Production and Cost in the Firm
Birger Wernerfelt, MIT IIOC Boston April 8, 2017
Prepared by: Enrique, Lihong, John, Jongkuk
16 Monopolistic Competition CHAPTER. 16 Monopolistic Competition CHAPTER.
Chapter 13 Diversification Strategy
UNIT 6 COSTS AND PRODUCTION: LONG AND SHORT-RUN, TOTAL, FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTS, LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS, INCREASING, CONSTANT AND DIMINISHING RETURNS.
Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases 9e
Economics of Organization
The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
Part 3 Strategy Chap 5 : Business-Level Strategy
Microeconomics I Perfect Competition
Business organization and behavior
Joseph T. Mahoney & J Rajendran Pandian
Questions Why do firms diversify? What drives the need to grow?
Technological Resources and the Direction of Corporate Diversification: Toward an Integration of the Resource-based View and Transaction Cost Economics.
MERGER AND ACQUISITION STRATEGY
AP MICRO REVIEW FINAL EXAM
Technical Change, Competition and Vertical Integration
7 The Production Process: The Behavior of Profit-Maximizing Firms
THE FIRM AND ITS CUSTOMERS: PART 1
Presented by: Sandra Corredor
Diversification Strategy
Diversification Strategy
Internationalisation
Corporate-Level Strategy
Competitive advantage When a firm earns higher economic profit than the average in its industry Profitability depends on -market level economics (the 5-forces)
The Resource-Based View Within the Conversation of Strategic Management (Mahoney and Pandian, 1992) Radek Nowak.
Maria Cristina Fenoglio
THE FIRM AND ITS CUSTOMERS
Econ 100 Lecture 4.2 Perfect Competition.
7 The Production Process: The Behavior of Profit-Maximizing Firms
Perfect Competition Econ 100 Lecture 5.4 Perfect Competition
The costs of organization
Joseph T. Mahoney J. Rajendran Pandian
Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin’s Q
Presentation transcript:

Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin’s q Cynthia A. Montgomery and Birger Wernerfelt RAND Journal of Economics (1988), 19(4): 623-632 Presented by Julie Ao, Fall 2017

Summary Prevailing theory of diversification is based on excess capacity of productive factors (Caves, 1971; Gorecki, 1975; Penrose, 1959; Teece, 1982) Failure in the markets for these factors may make diversification an efficient choice, although the factors are expected to lose some efficiency in the transfer This article extends the theory by considering the heterogeneity of factors and profit-maximizing decisions of firms The article also shows how Ricardian rents are shown in Tobin’s q Main argument: the wider the firm diversifies, the lower of its average rents

Sources of Ricardian Rents Rents can result from: Collusive relationships with competitors → Monopoly rents Disequilibrium effects → Luck (Schumpeterian rents) Unique factors → Ricardian rents (FOCUS) Economic or Ricardian rents are thought of as accruing to owners of unique factors, or factors subject to uncertain imitability (rights to a brand name or reputation)

Diversification to Appropriate Ricardian Rents If factor is subject to market imperfections, firm can use capacity internally instead of selling or renting it, this circumstance leads to diversification (Williamson, 1985) Four assumptions: Excess capability Cases with natural economies of scope are not considered Concentrate on firms that own or control rent-yielding factors Static model evaluating a single diversification move of a firm with excess capacity of rent- yielding factor considers a marginal expansion of scope The total value of the firm will, ceteris paribus, depend negatively on the optimal extent of diversification

However, all things are not equal… Firms’ factors may vary based on their specificity Less specific factors: Those that lose less efficiency as they are applied farther from their origin Since less specific factors support wider diversification, their relatively lower value will strengthen the negative relationship between the extent of the diversification and average rents

Given the specificity of a set of factors, the optimal decision for a firm is to apply its excess capacity to the closest entry opportunity As optimal diversification increases, average rents decline

Tobin’s q --- A Measure of Rents Accounting rates of return have problems considering differences in systematic risk, temporary disequilibrium effects, tax laws, and arbitrary accounting conventions Pure-capital-market measures only changes in firm value, not levels of value Tobin’s q: The ratio of market value to the replacement cost of the firm

Data, Measures, and Tests (I) Guided from Lindenberg and Ross (1981) estimates of 1976 q for a random sample of 246 firms Sample of 167 firms, from different sources Construct estimates of the following variables:

Data, Measures, and Tests (I) ß(0) should be roughly 1 (value of q under perfect competition) ß(1) should be 10/3 and ß(2) should be 10 (Salinger, 1984: intangible assets) ß(3) is unlikely to be significantly different from 0 (Smirlock et al.,1984: concentration) ß(4) expected to be positive (market share; sign of Ricardian rent) ß(5) predicted negative (wide diversification → low rent) ß(6) difficult to predict (foreign sales) ß(7) expected to be positive (Salinger, 1984: disequilibrium effects) Modified from Eva’s slide, Fall 2016

Results Firms earn decreasing average rents as they diversify more widely Consistent with idea that diversification is prompted by excess capacity of factors that are subject to market failure

Diversification From Ramanujam and Varadarajan (1989): Studies of diversification have focused on the extent (less or more), direction (relatedness or unrelatedness), and mode (internal vs. acquisition-based) of diversification.

Linking to RBV Considering heterogeneity factors of firms From Mahoney and Pandian (1992): The result of this article supports the resource-based hypothesis that expansion by firms into activities in which they have comparative (competitive) advantages is most likely to yield rents (Penrose, 1959) The resource-based theory of diversification is helpful in explaining the performance of related diversifiers relative to unrelated diversifiers

Discussion What are the measurement problems in the article? Specificity (s) and opportunities (o) are unobserved; they used average industry-level diversification as a proxy for s and o Firms may vary with diversification level Sales and market share cannot measure intangible assets Are there omitted variables in the model?