Threshold What was Abraham Lincoln’s concept of sustainability about?

Lincoln’s Concept of Sustainability America’s sustainability then and now…

Union: Reasons for Fighting To save the Union To abolish slavery (after the war began)

Confederacy: Reasons for Fighting To keep its traditional ways of life, including slavery To establish its right to leave the Union

Union Strengths Larger population to serve and supply army Factories to produce weapons and supplies Rail lines to transport troops and supplies Strong navy and large fleet Lincoln was strong leader and good war planner

Rating the North & the South

Slave/Free States Population, 1861

Railroad Lines, 1860

North and South at the Beginning of Hostilities

North and South at the Beginning of Hostilities

North and South at the Beginning of Hostilities

North and South at the Beginning of Hostilities

Confederacy Strengths Fighting a defensive war More familiar with countryside Wooded terrain provided good defensive cover Many of army’s best officers

Union Strategies Use navy to blockade southern ports Seize the Confederate capital at Richmond Seize control of Mississippi River

Confederate Strategies Fight a defensive war until northerners get tired of fighting Rely on European money and supplies to help fight war

Battle at Chancellorsville www.archives.gov/.../images/civil-war-096.jpg

First day at Gettysburg July 1st,1863

Casualties of American Wars 1. World War II 407,316 2. World War I 116,708 3. Vietnamese Conflict 58,168 4. Korean Conflict 54,246 5. American Revolution 4,435 6. Spanish-American War 2,456 7. War of 1812 2,260 8. Mexican War 1,733 9. Indian Wars 1,000 10. Gulf War 293 TOTAL 648,615 How do the casualties of the Civil War compare to the casualties of other American wars?

Major Battles United States of America (North) 120,000 killed in action 240,000 died of other causes ~360,000 TOTAL Union dead and/or missing Confederate States of America (South) 95,000 killed in action 165,000 died of other causes ~260,000 TOTAL Confederate dead and/or missing Total American Civil War dead and missing ~620,000 Union and Confederate soldiers UNKNOWN total Northern and Southern civilian casualties

Civil War Casualties Union 360,000 Confederate 260,000 TOTAL 620,000 There were nearly as many casualties in the Civil War as in all of America's other wars combined.

How can I sustain the Union? Lincoln’s Dilemmas Lincoln was confronted by many problems during his presidency, including: The problem of secession of the Southern states (over the issues of the tariff, settlement of the West, and slavery). Leading the North to victory would prove extremely exhausting, despite the North’s many advantages.

Battle of Antietam—September 17, 1862

How do I sustain the Union?

Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation was a declaration by United States President Abraham Lincoln announcing that all slaves in Confederate territory still in rebellion were freed. As Union armies advanced, every week thousands of slaves were liberated.

Despite the limited immediate effect on the slaves, the proclamation represented a shift in the war objectives of the North—merely reuniting the nation would no longer become the sole outcome. Slaves were part of the "engine of war" for the Confederacy. To encourage discontent among slaves in the Confederacy, a million copies of the Emancipation Proclamation were distributed in the Union-occupied South and, as hoped, news of it spread rapidly by word of mouth, arousing hopes of freedom, creating general confusion, and encouraging many to escape.

Battle of Gettysburg—July 1st to 3rd ,1863 The bloodiest battle of the Civil War and a key turning point in the war, 51,000 dead or wounded. Turn to page 537.

How do I sustain the Union? Emancipation? Winning the Civil War? Making the USA whole?

Gettysburg Address The speech was given to explain the purpose or reason why war was occurring and what the deaths were for.

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