Decolonization.

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Presentation transcript:

Decolonization

Decolonization How might we compare/contrast the movements for freedom in India and South Africa? How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela? And with other advocates for freedom?

Decolonization European Imperialism First wave: 15th to 17th centuries Second wave (ca. 1750-1900) New players Facilitated by Industrial Revolution Focus: Asia, Africa European expansion in the Americas

Decolonization

Decolonization

Indian Independence India before the Raj Long history Considerable diversity Caste system Mughal Empire

Indian Independence The British Raj Presence began with British East India Company Great Mutiny of 1857  direct British rule Promoted industrialization  economic profit Coronation of George V and Mary, Delhi Durbar (1911)

Indian Independence Indian Nationalism Foreign presence  Indian self-awareness Indian National Congress (INC) established 1885 Growing discontent after WWI  alliance between Hindus, Muslim League

Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) Hindu lawyer United all Indians in Congress movement Strategy: collective, nonviolent resistance Led “peace soldiers”

Indian Independence

Indian Independence

Indian Independence Independence Granted 1947  India, Pakistan Civil war! Gandhi assassinated (1948) Hostilities remain today

Indian Independence Questions?

African Independence European Objectives in Africa (1880-1914) Raw materials, cheap labor International rivalry, nationalism “The white man’s burden” “The Rubber Coils” (1906)

African Independence Decolonization (1950s to 1970s) Growing nationalism, distaste for imperialism “Africa for Africans” Paths to independence Orderly, little violence Delayed and violent, due to settler populations

South Africa South Africa AFRIKANERS Granted independence 1910 Industry, mines Population Black Africans Afrikaners British

South Africa Apartheid Official system of social engineering intended to keep races separated Society BANTUSTANS “Pass laws” Best jobs reserved for whites Government under white control

South Africa African Resistance Protests, rise of African National Congress (ANC) Government response MASSACRE IN SHARPEVILLE (March 21, 1960) Banned ANC Underground movement turned to violence Massacre in Sharpeville

South Africa Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) Attorney, ANC member Believed in nonracial social democracy Tried for “crimes” against state (1963-64) Sentenced to life imprisonment

South Africa The End of Apartheid SA faced internal, external pressure Mandela released 1990 Negotiations between De Klerk and Mandela  end of apartheid Mandela elected president (1994-99)

South Africa

South Africa

South Africa Questions?

Decolonization How might we compare/contrast the movements for freedom in India and South Africa? How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela? And with other advocates for freedom?