Fig. 1. Chemical structures of aristolochic acid I (AAI) and II (AAII). From: Aristolochic acid as a probable human cancer hazard in herbal remedies:

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Fig. 1. Chemical structures of aristolochic acid I (AAI) and II (AAII). From: Aristolochic acid as a probable human cancer hazard in herbal remedies: a review Mutagenesis. 2002;17(4):265-277. doi:10.1093/mutage/17.4.265 Mutagenesis | © UK Environmental Mutagen Society/Oxford University Press 2002

Fig. 2. Metabolism of aristolochic acid I and II (from Krumbiegel et al., 1987). From: Aristolochic acid as a probable human cancer hazard in herbal remedies: a review Mutagenesis. 2002;17(4):265-277. doi:10.1093/mutage/17.4.265 Mutagenesis | © UK Environmental Mutagen Society/Oxford University Press 2002

Fig. 3. Metabolic activation and DNA adduct formation of aristolochic acid I (AAI, R = OCH<sub>3</sub>) and II (AAII, R = H); 7-(deoxyadenosin-N<sup>6</sup>-yl)aristolactam I or II (dA–AAI or dA–AAII), 7-(deoxyguanosin-N<sup>2</sup>-yl)aristolactam I or II (dG–AAI or dG–AAII). From: Aristolochic acid as a probable human cancer hazard in herbal remedies: a review Mutagenesis. 2002;17(4):265-277. doi:10.1093/mutage/17.4.265 Mutagenesis | © UK Environmental Mutagen Society/Oxford University Press 2002

Fig. 4. Postulated mechanism for the carcinogenicity of aristolochic acid in rodents and humans. AAI, aristolochic acid I; dA–AAI, 7-(deoxyadenosin-N<sup>6</sup>-yl)aristolactam I; dA, deoxyadenosine. From: Aristolochic acid as a probable human cancer hazard in herbal remedies: a review Mutagenesis. 2002;17(4):265-277. doi:10.1093/mutage/17.4.265 Mutagenesis | © UK Environmental Mutagen Society/Oxford University Press 2002

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