Cognitive Processes: Memory and Thought https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chmemory.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSycdIx-C48 (Crash Course) Psychology I Mrs. Hart

The Processes of Memory Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, retain, and later retrieve information. The three major processes involved in memory: Encoding Storage Retrieval.

Stage Model of Memory Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) – theorized that there are three separate stages of learning: Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory

Sensory Memory Earliest stage of memory Stored for a short period of time (1/2 second for visual data, 3-4 seconds for auditory information). Some data passes into short-term memory.

Short-Term Memory Information currently being thought about. Most information is stored fro 20-30 seconds, then forgotten. Some information continues into long-term memory.

Long-Term Memory Continuous storage of information. Can be called into working memory when needed. Capacity of long-term memory appears to be limitless. Four types: semantic, episodic, declarative, procedural. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKprIKUHs8o

Long-Term Memory Loss https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_P7Y0-wgos

Retrieving Information Stored information is useless unless in can be retrieved. Need to store many thousands of items in a way that they can be found when needed. The solution to retrieval is organization.

Memory Retrieval Retrieval is the process of accessing stored memories. Retrieval cues or prompts trigger the retrieval of long-term memory. Four basic ways of retrieving memory; recognition, recall, relearning, and recollection

Recognition Recognition involves identifying an object, idea, situation or other information after experiencing it again.

Recall Involves a person being able to reconstruct previously learned material without being cued. Involves a person’s knowledge, attitudes, and expectations. Eidetic memory (photographic memory) is one type of recall.

Relearning Involves relearning information that has been previously learned. Can improve the strength of memories. Makes it easier to remember and retrieve information.

Recollection Involves reconstructing memory, utilizing logical structures, partial memories, narratives, or clues.

Forgetting Information that once entered long-term memory and is unable to be retrieved, is said to be forgotten. Involves decay, interference, or repression/ amnesia.

Decay Some information fades away or decays over time, happening quickly in sensory storage or short-term memory. Long-term memories seem to remain, but may be difficult to retrieve. Forgotten information may be recovered through meditation, hypnosis, or brain stimulation.

Meditation Meditation gives a person more time by making the mind calmer and more focused, allowing the person to retrieve memories more easily.

Hypnosis Hypnosis, also referred to as hypnotherapy or hypnotic suggestion, is a trance-like state in which you have heightened focus and concentration. Hypnosis is usually done with the help of a therapist using verbal repetition and mental images. The subject is alert the whole time. It is most often compared to daydreaming, or the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9mR7p4RGOE feeling of "losing yourself" in a book or movie. The person is fully conscious, but tunes out most of the stimuli around him/her. Focus is on the subject at hand, and outside thoughts are excluded.

Interference Refers to memory being blocked or erased by previous or subsequent memories. Two types; proactive interference, retroactive interference. May erase some memories permanently, while other information is merely difficult to assess because it can’t be found.

Repression and Amnesia Data is not lost, only blocked. Exists in a person’s memory, but has been made inaccessible because it may be disturbing due to an embarrassing, tragic, or frightening experience. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUq2-wx4oCA http://izismile.com/2013/02/22/meet_the_man_with_the_worst_case_of.html

Repression and Amnesia A loss of memory that may occur after a blow to the head or as a result of brain damage. May also be the result of drug use, alcohol abuse, or severe psychological stress.

Improving Memory Flash cards: Flash cards and memory card games spruce up the mental synapses, making your memory work harder. Test games: Lay out a number of objects on a tray. Try to memorize them. Place a cloth over the tray and write down every object that you remember. Check back and see how you did. If you did too well, add more objects.

Improving Memory Elaborative rehearsal: Relate the new information that you need to learn to something you already know. Over-learning: To protect a memory from interference is to over-learn it. Keep on rehearsing something, even if you think you know it well. Distributed practice: Space out learning, to avoid absorbing too much information at one time.

Improving Memory Mnemonic devices: Techniques that use associations to memorize information are called mnemonic devices. Some of these devices include forming mental pictures, making up words (acronyms), stories, or rhymes. For example, ROY G BIV (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet) stands for each color of the rainbow. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRKEat65ehI Variation: Another way to increase recall is to occasionally change the study routine. If accustomed to studying in one specific location, try moving to a different spot during the next study session.