Paradigmas Linguisticos Semester II Child language learning Second Language Acquisition

Biological preparedness for language Human infants are specially tuned to hear human language from birth. New born infants can hear sound distinctions that are not distinctive, or phonemic, in their native language. This ability to perceive differences disappears after about 6 months, when the native phonological system becomes established. Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition Universal Grammar This biological preparedness for language learning has been described by Chomsky as a Universal Grammar (UG) that is part of our genetic makeup as human beings. UG specifies the general form of human language and guides the child in the acquisition of the target language. Second Language Acquisition

The Acquisition Schedule • It depends on maturity of children’s brain and lateralization process. acquisition happen regardless of kind of interaction the child is exposed to when learning. (Sufficiently constant input) Second Language Acquisition 4

Caretaker Language Adult’s take and essential role in the child’s acquirement of a language. They asign an interactive role to the child, even though the child hasn’t developed the ability to speak. Some features of this speech style are: exagerated intonation, simple sentence structure, a lot of repetition and questions, baby-talk words such as “choo-choo”.

From first sounds to babbling. In the first six months the infant interacts with her caretakers in a variety of ways. Vocalizations are primarily soft coos and gurgles and do not resemble genuine language. After the first 6 months true babbling begins. At this point the infant starts to make sounds that exhibit language like features. At first this consists of single syllables consisting of stop consonant (p, b, t, d, etc) and a vowel like "ah". At first the babbles will be a string of similar syllables, ba, ba, ba. Second Language Acquisition

From babbling to ‘words’ Eventually this will become more varied baga, bada and will start to sound like phonemic segments, in a process called segmental babbling. The vocalizations will also have sentence intonation, with the infant appearing to engage in a "conversation" that has no semantic content. Second Language Acquisition

First words: one-word stage. Infants as young as 9 months can recognise individual words from a string of speech, but the first word is not produced until between 12-18 months. The first word often sounds like babble, although it is consistently used to refer to one thing. This stage is also referred to as holophrastic because each word conveys as much meaning as an entire phrase. "Milk" can refer to the milk, to spilling it, drinking it, etc. Second Language Acquisition

Early word use: Under- and over-extension During the early one-word stage the child will both underextend and overextend the meaning of words. underextension is when the child learns the word birdie in reference to the family budgie, and does not use it to refer to other birds. overextension of word meanings, where the child extends a word like doggie to refer to all four-legged animals. Overextension is more common and appears to be limited to production. Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition The two-word stage When the child has learned about 50 words, two significant things happen. A vocabulary spurt takes place in which the rate of vocabulary learning increases dramatically. The infant also enters the two-word stage, in which s/he starts producing two-word utterances from which the grammar of the language is developed. Second Language Acquisition

The two-word stage and the emergence of grammar As the child moves beyond the one-word stage of development, lexical learning speeds up and the child begins to combine words to form small sentences. The structure of the child's target language is already reflected in the two-word stage. Here are examples of utterances of an English-speaking child at this stage. a car baby cookie a rice here Mommy doggie allgone pull car Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition Lexical development Various principles govern child vocabulary learning Fast-mapping is where a child hears a word once or twice, learns its grammatical class, but has only a vague idea of what it means. Whole object principle allows the child to sort out what is being referred to quickly, without having to consider whether the speaker is referring to the whole object or one of the parts. Only one name principle says that there is only one name for each object. Extendability principle. The child has the expectancy that individual words will refer to categories of similar things. During the one-word stage this principle can lead to overextension of word meaning, but is helpful later in the development of knowledge of categories. Second Language Acquisition

Acquisition of grammatical features Bound morphemes are acquired in a similar order by children learning English. Earliest to appear is the -ing marker on verbs signalling the present progressive form. Sentences like Mommy sleeping are very common, with the auxiliary is (Mommy is sleeping) appearing much later. Second Language Acquisition

Mean order of acquisition of morphemes 1. Present progressive (-ing) 2/3. Preposition in/on 4. Plural (-s) 5. Past irregular 6. Possessive (-’s) 7. Uncontracted copula (is, am, were) 8. Articles (a, the) 9. Past regular (-ed) 10. Third person regular (-s) 11 Third person irregular Second Language Acquisition

The L1 is not learned by imitation • children make non-random errors • acquisition happens in a regular manner across diverse languages and settings • the basic grammar is learned quickly • acquisition comes about without formal instruction or correction, • acquisition happen regardless of kind of interaction the child is exposed to when learning. Second Language Acquisition 15

PAUSE

Second Language Acquisition U-shaped development Often observed in English is the overgeneralization of the regular past tense verb. The most frequent verbs have irregular past tenses and children tend to acquire these first (e.g., went and ate). They then acquire some high frequency regular verbs like hugged and kissed. At that point they seem to discover that past tense formation is rule-governed, and begin to overgeneralize the past tense marker to irregular verbs (e.g. producing utterances like eated and goed). This overregularizing is also evident in the production of plurals (foots and feets) and illustrates the tendency of all children to make irregular processes in their language more regular. Regular forms are easier to learn and the child seems to impose regularity where it doesn't exist. Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition Question formation Stage 1. Rising intonation He work today? Stage 2. Intonation with sentence complexity Yes/no questions: You like this? Wh questions: Why you catch it? Stage 3. Beginning of inversion Can I go? Is that mine? But Why you don’t have one? Stage 4. Inversion Do you like ice cream? do in yes/no but not wh-questions Stage 5. Inversion with wh-question Why can he go out? Why he can’t go out? No inversion with negative Stage 6. Overgeneralization of inversion I don’t know why can’t he go out. Second Language Acquisition

Imitation doesn’t work Cazden (1972) McNeill (1966) Gass & Selinker p99 Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition Child L2 acquisition “the successive acquisition of two languages in childhood” McLaughlin, 1978, p 7 Two hypotheses: > Child uses the L1 to use the L2 >Child goes “back to scratch” to learn the L2. Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition “..there is a unity of process that characterises all language acquisition, whether of a first or second language, at all ages.” McLaughlin, 1978 cited in Gass & Selinker p 102 ???? Second Language Acquisition

In-class discussion activity We have discussed features of child language learning. These include: Six month babbling period Fast-mapping Segmental babbling Whole object principle One-word stage Only one name principle Two word stage Extendability principle Over and under extension U-shaped development How applicable do you think these processes are to adult SLA? Second Language Acquisition

Morpheme Order Studies Motivated by the hypothesis that there was an invariant order in SLA similar to L1, evidence for universal processing strategies Based on speech data elicited by the Bilingual Syntax Measure: assumed to reflect natural speech. Text p 107 Second Language Acquisition

Morpheme Order Studies Findings Similar patterns of morpheme suppliance found for L1 and L2 children from many language backgrounds. Interpreted as evidence for a "natural order" in SLA. Other evidence for a natural order comes from studies of interrogatives and negation. Second Language Acquisition

Creative Construction (CC) (Dulay & Burt, 1977) SLA, especially for the child, is a “re-creation” of the L2 using the same capacities as used with the L1. The learner "creates" the L2 in a manner analogous to the L1 Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition CC: A definition “...the subconscious process by which language learners gradually organize the language they hear, according to the rules they construct to understand and generate sentences.” (Ellis, 1994, p 698) Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition Principles of CC > Rules of target language worked out by cognitive processes like generalization > Similar process as L1 (e.g. similar acquisition orders) > Creates forms not found in target language (she goed to school) > L1 not important "Natural" route for development. Second Language Acquisition

End of Week 3 lecture slides. Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition   Second Language Acquisition