Islamic Civilization: Pt.1 Islam Divided -- February 6-8, 13

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Presentation transcript:

Islamic Civilization: Pt.1 Islam Divided -- February 6-8, 13

The Umayyad Caliphate Prophet Muhammad, 622–632 Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750

The Umayyad Caliphate

Islam in Umayyad Caliphate Islam as Religion: Embedded in social, political change Shaped by it: ‘dynamic’ process Major Developments: simultaneous ‘Division’ between sunni and shia Islam (each with own followers) ‘Evolution’ of Religion as institution (with consequent impact on society)

Islam in Umayyad Caliphate Video Excerpt: “The Caliphate: Pt. 2 -- ‘Division’ [ 6:30 -9:40min; 19:20 – 27:00min]

Islam Divided: sunni and shia Issue of Succession: Key question – what did the Prophet Muhammad mean by his speech at Khoms? [see additional reading ‘Hadith at Pond of Khumms’; also discussed in video] No dissent over acknowledgement of Ali as ‘leader’: but leader of whom?

Islam Divided: sunni and shia Sunni: ‘Ahel as-Sunnah’ (people of the Sunnah or ‘the path’) as shown by Muhammad Allegiance to that which is ‘traditional’ Belief in hadith – words, sayings of the Prophet Accepted hadith (reported words of Prophet at Khoms) BUT interpreted it to refer Ali as leader of family NOT leader of community [alternately as ‘friend’ of community]

Islam Divided: sunni and shia Accepted that ‘elected’ successor Abu Bakr was ‘righteous’ leader Later accepted law and jurisprudence based on ‘sunnah’ understood as Prophets words and actions

Islam Divided: sunni and shia Shia (Shiite): Means ‘sect’ or ‘faction’ [see video ‘the Caliphate’, 2] Ali, son-in-law of Muhammad, seen by many as rightful heir by reason of blood (direct family, not only clan) He and his followers: refused oath of loyalty to Abu Bakr Known as ‘Alids’:over time majority simply seen as ‘sunnis’; Alids retained reference ‘shiites’

Islam Divided: sunni and shia Following years: Ali gave support to Abu Bakr when Caliphate threatened But upon death, Abu Bakr let it be known he ‘named’ Umar, his son controversial: ultimately assassinated by Kharijite (who objected to ‘dynastic’ succession)

Islam Divided: sunni and shia Umar had made arrangements for how succession was to take place: ‘list’ of potentials: confer, agree on one Ali on list, but Uthman was selected Added new ‘fuel’ to opposition: Uthman was from Umayyad clan, Ali from Hashemite rivalry for power in Mecca went back generations, well before the rise of Islam [story developed in Video, Add’l Rdgs]

Islam Divided: sunni and shia Upon Uthman’s murder 656: Ali implored upon to accept Caliph and bring peace For his followers (shia) this was finally about putting the truly ‘rightful’ caliph in charge But for many of Uthman’s followers – especially Mu’awiya (his military commander), this was unacceptable

Islam Divided: sunni and shia Empire in essence ‘divided’: East: under Caliph Ali who moved his capital to Kufa (Iraq) West: under Commander Mu’awiya in Damascus (Syria)

Islam Divided: sunni and shia Empire in essence ‘divided’: BUT: political division also reflected beginning of real religious division as well: Shia Islam (east), Sunni Islam (west) Even as we speak of ‘evolution’ of Islam, reality was that Islam itself no longer unified with shia believers (east – including Iran) increasing in number as East began to oppose West