You-Shine Kwak Department of Microbiology,

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Presentation transcript:

Hard Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens of Domestic and Wild Animals in Maswa and Iringa, Tanzania You-Shine Kwak Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine

Livestock status in Tanzania Hard ticks Important ectoparasites of livestock and wild animals worldwide Carry and transfer several zoonotic pathogens(virus, bacteria and protozoa) to humans Tick-borne diseases A major problem in livestock health, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa including Tanzania Livestock status in Tanzania Ranks third in terms of increasing livestock numbers in Africa Cattle are the dominant livestock species (75%) Tick-borne diseases reduce cattle productivity

Tanzania

Purpose of the Study Morphological identification of the hard ticks collected from domestic and wild animals in Maswa and Iringa, Tanzania Molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens in the collected hard ticks

Phylogeny of hard ticks

Morphology of hard ticks Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa. A.R. Walker et al. 2013

Life cycle of Hard Ticks

Main features of ticks found on domestic animals Group Size Mouthparts Other features Genera Group 1 Large anterior and long pale rings on legs eyes present and large Amblyomma Hyalomma Group 2 Medium plain dark legs eyes absent Ixodes Group 3 anterior and short coxae 1 with paired spurs Dermacentor Rhipicephalus Group 4 Small eyes small or absent coxae 1 with small paired Haemaphysalis Margaropus Large; 6 ~ 7 mm, Medium; 3 ~ 5 mm, Small; 2 ~ 3 mm in length Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa. A.R. Walker et al. 2013

External structure of hard ticks Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa. A.R. Walker et al. 2013

Identification key of hard ticks (female) by genital aperture Amblyomma variegatum Amblyomma lepidum

Identification key of hard ticks (male) by enamel pattern of dorsal part Amblyomma variegatum Amblyomma gemma

Identification of ticks from cattle in Maswa and Iringa Tick species No. Ticks from cattle Maswa (n=16) Iringa (n=40) Total (%) Male Female Subtotal (%) Amblyomma gemma - 1 1 (0.78) 37 7 44 (59.46) 45 (22.17) A. lepidum 6 6 (8.11) 7 (3.45) A. marmoreum 9 9 (12.16) 9 (4.43) A. variegatum 96 31 127 (98.45) 8 (10.81) 135 (66.5) Hyalomma impeltatum 2 (2.7) 2 (0.99) Rhipicephalus pulchellus 4 5 (6.76) 5 (2.46) Total 33 129 64 10 74 203

Identification of ticks collected from wild animals Tick species Maswa Iringa Total (%) Buffalo (n=2) Bush buck (n=1) Buch pig (n=1) Eland (n=1) Leopard (n=1) Warthog (n=1) Zebra (n=1) A. gemma 2 - 24 26 (26.8) A. lepidum 26 9 35 (36.08) A. marmoreum 1 2 (2.06) A. variegatum 4 (4.12) R. appendiculatus 5 5 (5.15) R. e. evertsi 1 (1.03) R. muhsamae 4 R. pravus R. pulchellus 8 11 (11.34) R. simus Total 33 13 3 97

Tick-borne pathogens 1. Rickettsia sp. Cause Typhus, African tick bite fever in human 2. Piroplasmidae Protozoan parasite (Babesia and Theileria sp.) Cause febrile disease (similar to malaria), East coast fever 3. Coxiella sp. Gram-negative bacteria Causes Q fever 4. Borrelia sp. Cause Lyme disease

Identification of tick-borne pathogens by PCR Genomic DNA extraction from ticks collected from animals PCR amplification of each target genes Sequencing analysis by BLAST search Pathogen Target gene Amplicon size Rickettsia sp. 17 kDa protein 450 bp Piroplasmidae 18s rRNA 411 – 520 bp Coxiella sp. htpB 325 bp Borrelia sp. flaB 389 bp

Tick-borne pathogens identified from ticks in cattle Tick species Maswa cattle Rickettsia (%) Piroplasmidae A. gemma ND 1/1 (100) A. lepidum 0/1 A. variegatum 82/82 10/127 (7.9) *Borrelia and Coxiella sp. were not found in the experiment. *ND, not done

Tick-borne pathogens identified from ticks in cattle Tick species Iringa cattle Rickettsia (%) Piroplasmidae A. gemma 30/30 (100) 3/44 (6.8) A. lepidum 2/2 0/6 A. marmoreum ND 0/9 A. variegatum 1/8 (12.5) H. impeltatum 0/2 R. pulchellus 0/5 *Borrelia and Coxiella sp. were not found in the experiment. *ND, not done

Tick-borne pathogens identified from ticks in wild animals Tick species Maswa animals Rickettsia (%) Piroplasmidae A. gemma ND 1/3 (33) A. lepidum 32/32 (100) 3/35 (8.6) A. variegatum 1/1 R. appendiculatus 0/5 R. muhsamae 1/4 (25) R. pravus R. pulchellus 0/12 R. simus 0/4 *Borrelia and Coxiella sp. were not found in the experiment. *ND, not done

Tick-borne pathogens identified from ticks in wild animals Tick species Iringa animals Rickettsia (%) Piroplasmidae A. gemma 9/17 (52.9) 1/24 (4.2) R. pulchellus ND 0/1 *Borrelia and Coxiella sp. were not found in the experiment. *ND, not done

Summary In Maswa and Iringa, Tanzania, 1. Amblyomma spp. was dominant hard ticks of cattle and wild animals identified by morphology. 2. Rickettsia sp. and Piroplasmidae were found in hard ticks identified by PCR and nucleotide sequencing.