Atoms/Atomic Structure, PTE, Valence Electrons, Gravity, Bonding Science 81 Mr. Mullett October 18, 2017 – Day 33 of 180 Atoms/Atomic Structure, PTE, Valence Electrons, Gravity, Bonding

Homework Vocabulary Quiz WTF by 10-20 Interview Questions, Answer and Practice Concept Layer Due Friday 10-20/23 Tough Nuggies

JogNog B 1 ymohamad8 372 2 Josephgmullett 304 3 lbeaulieu8 214 4 SethD14 199 5 KSantiago8 170 6 rlambert8 168 7 Eglynn8 159 8 rbrenzel8 135 9 AMetcalf8 113 10 Valeriy Z 80 11 Amanda G 70

JogNog D 1 RJ_Ruiz 330 2 Josephgmullett 304 3 angie_B 300 4 stevenvelazquez3 278 5 aliceanipko 232 6 Allison14 224 7 o_lawry220 214 8 kirill K 180 9 juliasavoy13 172 10 budbud03 160 11 lizzylovestoflip 133

JogNog E 1 Livia14 615 2 Josephgmullett 304 3 cdarling8 238 4 lramos8 178 5 kgagnon8 143 6 islonka8 135 7 mlatshaw8 127 8sagar t 118 9 lbryon8 117 10 Drew K 96 11 mmcdaniel8 94

JogNog F 1 Josephgmullett 304 2 afontanilles8 298 3 AMontovani8 270 4 iromansms8 219 5 SReed8 113 6 jwilliams8 101 7 kaden_R8 92 8 jfiddler110 79 9 DRivera8 77 10 hMetcalf8 45 11 TCarey8sms 41

Objective Describe the structure and components of atoms Use Physical and Chemical properties to id elements Understand Physical and Chemical Changes Understand how elements are arranged on the PTE

Agenda Concept Layer Introduction Bell Work & Journals Lesson of the Day Combining elements- Bonding Characteristic Properties Chem/Phys Properties & Changes Endothermic, Exothermic States of Matter Concept Layer Introduction C3, C4, C6, C7

Scale Sizes To understand the atomic level, we must first delve into the scale of things. Powers of Ten Video C1a Exit Card C1 Worksheet Down in Comp Lab

Scale Sizes Large Universe (Size_______________) Light year (speed of light traveled/yr) 300,000 km/s or 185,000 miles/s Just over 7 times around the Earth 9.467 x 10^12km or 5.83 x 10 ^12miles Mostly made of Hydrogen (H, 75%), Helium (He, 25%), Oxygen (O, 0.0%)

Scale Sizes Small Atoms/Quarks/Strings (Size_____________) Angstroms 1 A = 10^-10 meters Strings are theoretical

Notes - Atoms Structure Charges Nucleus Cloud Proton (Positive) Electron (Negative) Neutron (Neutral) Examples

PTE A way to present the Elements in an order https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOU4QzugUfE PTE A way to present the Elements in an order Based upon Atomic # and Particle Numbers Grouped by Valence Electrons

Journal Entry (12) Where did all of these elements come from? Look to the stars. After watching the video clip, please explain how elements are created. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKqvjEE0wFg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWx9DurgPn8 Now let’s talk about humans

Journal Entry 13 Below are some models of Atoms found on the PTE. Looking at the images, what are some things you notice? Can you ID these elements? C D A B

Elements on the PTE Atomic # = # of Electrons/Protons Atomic Mass = Added Protons and Neutrons Protons ____ Neutrons ____ Electrons ____

http://www.chemicalelements.com/show/name.html Valence Electrons Number of Electrons in the element’s outer orbit/shell 2, 8, 18 to fill “Happy” when full Wanting to Share if not full 5

Journal Entry (10) Knowing that the group number at the top of the columns represents the number of valence electrons, why is Helium in the #18 Column? What might be another way to describe this column? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODf_sPexS2Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDRWQUUUCF0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQF61CFOySw

Lewis Dot Structures Using our understanding of Valence Electrons, we will now draw in the number of electrons an atom has by using the Lewis Dot Structures. Copy the examples

Journal Entry (new) So we know that there are electrons surrounding atoms (-), why do you think that atoms are still attracted to each other so much? Hint – Mass relation Neutron = 1 Proton = 0.99862349 Electron = 0.00054386734 1/1838

Combining Atoms When you combine atoms you can produce both Molecules as well as Compounds Molecule – Made of either the same or different elements, smallest unit where it still exhibits the chemical properties of a compound Compound – Made of two different elements All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds

Compounds and Molecules Molecule – single combination of atoms. 1 water molecule Compound – multiple molecules Many water molecules

Solutions and Mixtures Mixture – A combination of 2 or more substances that are not combined chemically, can be separated. Salt/Pepper. Solution – A well mixed mixture, saltwater, cannot be separated physically.

Pure Substances Pure Substance – Any substance that is free of contamination. Pure Honey Pure Hydrogen Pure Water Pure Copper Pure Aluminum If you add corn syrup to the honey, you no longer have pure honey. Pure alcohol could be ethanol, methanol or a mixture of different alcohols, but as soon as you add water (which is not an alcohol), you no longer have a pure substance. Got it?

TED TALK ON BONDING https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I&list=PLNzoFHqWzgC6FP96vjEmuRoZnyaesvdJq&index=14 Bonding There are two types of bonds that occur often; Ionic and Covalent Ionic Bond – Forms when one atom Gives up it’s electron (Metals and non metals) Covalent Bond – Forms when two or more atoms Share an electron (Metals and Non Metals) Metallic Bond – Forms when metals bond with other metals https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK2fIn_U0MY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qf07-8Jhhpc

Lewis Dot Structures Using our understanding of Valence Electrons, we will now draw in the number of electrons an atom has by using the Lewis Dot Structures. Copy the examples

Notes Characteristic Properties Chemical or Physical Properties that are used to identify elements  freezing/melting point, boiling/condensing point  density  magnetism solubility

Journal Entry 15 (old) What do you think is happening in this video? Why would the foil boat float on air? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVSn9xkxnc8&list=PLNzoFHqWzgC6FP96vjEmuRoZnyaesvdJq&index=17 Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) = 6.17 g/L Nitrogen (N2) = 1.251 g/L Oxygen (O2) =1.429 g/L

Notes Chemical vs. Physical Properties Chemical vs. Physical Changes

Physical Reaction/Change changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but not its chemical composition. You still have the same thing and usually you can change it back. Examples: Liquid water to Ice Tree cut into smaller pieces Shape Size Color Volume

Chemical Reaction/Change process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. You get something new, and invariably you can not change it back. Examples: Digested donuts Wood to ash Iron to rust https://vimeo.com/70343177 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrorBHM7alU Statue of Liberty

Endo/Exo Thermic Reactions Endothermic Reactions When Energy Goes “In” to a reaction Ice Cubes/Packs Exothermic Reactions When Energy comes “Out” during a reaction Heat Packs, Matches

Conservation of Mass When the Reactants equal the Products. Only in a closed system. In an open System, there can be no containment of matter. Reactants might not equal Products. Balancing Equations is a requirement of this Law. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IIJ4IglmK8&list=PLNzoFHqWzgC6FP96vjEmuRoZnyaesvdJq&index=12 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TsTOnNmkf8&list=PLNzoFHqWzgC6FP96vjEmuRoZnyaesvdJq&index=13

Thermal Energy Which object has more thermal energy? A B

Bell Work Could you please put these states of matter in order from lowest energy to highest? Solid Gas Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate Liquid

Bell Work Could you please put these states of matter in order according to the picture? Solid Gas Liquid

Silly Putty What do you think will happen? A the ball will bounce B the ball will shatter C the ball will stick to the ground D Not sure Superliquids

Energy Terms Insulator-Nature of material and it’s particles is resistant to absorbing Kinetic Energy

Energy Terms Conductor-Nature of material and its particles transfers Kinetic Energy Easily!

Bose-Einstein, Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma. All 5 Phases Bose-Einstein, Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma. All Based upon the Amount of KE

States of Matter There are Three Main States of Matter: Solid Liquid Gas However there are many states currently.

Solid States of Matter Particles arranged in definite order Vibrate Close together

Liquid States of Matter Particles arranged in Random order Slide past, attaching and releasing Close together

Gas States of Matter Particles not arranged. Scattered, Random Fast Very Spread out

Excited/ Ionized Gases States of Matter Other States: Plasma-Lightening Excited/ Ionized Gases

Other States of Matter Ordinary Temps Low Temps High Energy Liquid Crystal States (Digital Watch) Mlcls pnt sm direc Amorphous Solid (Glass, Rubber, Polystyrene) Magnetically-ordered States (moments aligned 2 dif ways) Low Temps Superconductors (Cold Magnets –MRI) Superfluids (Climbing helium 3 or 6) Bose-Einstein Condensates (called “Fifth State” helium 4) High Energy Plasma (ionized gas lightning, stars, sun) Quark-gluon Plasma (CERN 2000 Observe individual Quarks) Proposed States Degenerate Matter (White dwarves and Neutron Stars) Supersolid (Solid with superfluid properties String-net liquid (atoms have the same spin, not normal) Rydberg Matter (condensation of excited atoms)

All 5 Phases

Other States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas

Phase Changes

Temperature Scale

Silly Putty What do you think will happen? A the ball will bounce B the ball will shatter C the ball will stick to the ground D Not sure Superliquids

Temperature Conversions Absolute Water Water Zero Freezes Boils F -460 32 212 C –273 0 100 K 0 273 373 Compare this to a Number line as in Math!

Phase Changes