The science of naming organisms. Taxonomy The science of naming organisms.

Define Taxonomy Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. TURKEY VULTURE (Cathartes aura)

Why Classify? 1. How do biologists use a classification system to study the diversity of life? to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.

Why Classify? 2. How do taxonomists group organisms when they classify them? Into groups that have biological significance.

Why Classify? 3. How does classification make life easier? grouping things makes them easier to find and work with 3a. What are some things we classify?

Binomial Nomenclature Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system. uses Latin words scientific names always written in italics or underlined two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

Taxonomic hierarchy Classification includes seven levels called taxa. Names organisms and their relationships from very broad to very specific Classification includes seven levels called taxa. They are, from largest to smallest, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

All organisms classified in a hierarchy Kingdom (broadest) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (most specific) Keep Pond Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick

Place the taxa in the correct level of the pyramid. More specific More general

Assigning Scientific Names Many organisms may have several different common names. The cougar is also known as the mountain lion, catamount, or puma …thus the need for a scientific name. Felis concolor

You live, from broad to specific… The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

You live, from broad to specific… The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

You live, from broad to specific… The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

You live, from broad to specific… The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

You live, from broad to specific… The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

You live, from broad to specific… The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States New Hampshire Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

You live, from broad to specific… The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States Oklahoma Merrimack County Andover Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

You live, from broad to specific… The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States Oklahoma Pottawatomie county Our Town Address Number on road Apartment at this number. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

You live, from broad to specific… The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States Oklahoma Pottawatomie county McLoud Address Number on road Apartment at this number.

You live, from broad to specific… The Cosmos The Milkyway Galaxy The Sol System (solar system) Planet Earth North American Continent United States Oklahoma Pottawatomie county McLoud Address 1100 W Seikel Blvd 74851

Activity! Pile of Sneakers. Take off one of your sneakers / footwear and gently throw them to Mr. Mac one at a time. Classify the types of footwear into different groups based on their similarities and differences. Describe the physical features of each group, why are they placed where they are?

Assigning Scientific Names The first part of the scientific name is the genus. This word is always written first and capitalized. It appears in italics or is underlined. Homo sapien

Assigning Scientific Names The second part of the scientific name is the species name. This word is always written second and is not capitalized. It appears in italics or is underlined. Homo sapien

Classification The more taxonomic levels that two organisms share, the more closely related they are considered to be.

Classification What do the scientific names of the polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you about their similarity to each other? Ursus maritimus Ursus arctos horribilis Ailuropoda melanoleuca

Thinking Critically Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Organism Cat Wolf Fly Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Arthropoda Class Mammalia Insecta Order Carnivora Diptera Family Felidae Canidae Muscidae Genus Felis Canis Musca Species F. domesticus C. lupus M. domestica

Thinking Critically 1. What type of animal is Musca domestica? 2. From the table, which 2 animals are most closely related? 3. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge (become different)? Animal; insect Cat and Wolf Family Level

Evolutionary Classification 1. Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. 2. Define Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Evolutionary Classification 3. Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

Cladograms A B C D E F Speciation: formation of two new species from one Clade or lineage TIME

Cladograms This cladogram shows the evolutionary relationship among several vertebrates. Fur & Mammary Glands Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard Pigeon Mouse Chimp

Cladograms Fur & Mammary Glands Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard Pigeon Mouse Chimp Characteristics listed below the line are called derived characters (traits).

Cladograms Do frogs have mammary glands? Do hagfish have jaws? Fur & Mammary Glands Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard Pigeon Mouse Chimp Do frogs have mammary glands? Do hagfish have jaws? When the derived character is above an organism, the organism lacks that derived character.

Cladograms Do pigeons have claws or nails? Do lizards have jaws? Fur & Mammary Glands Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard Pigeon Mouse Chimp Do pigeons have claws or nails? Do lizards have jaws? When the derived character is below the organism, the organism possesses that derived character.

Who is more closely related to the Coyote? The Gray Wolf or the Red Fox?

Who is more closely related to the Coyote? The Gray Wolf or the Red Fox?

Who is more closely related to the Crab Eating Fox? The Gray Fox or the Maned Wolf ?

Who is more closely related to the Crab Eating Fox? The Gray Fox or the Maned Wolf ?

Who is more closely related to the Cape Hunting Dog? The Domestic Dog or the Bush Dog?

Who is more closely related to the Cape Hunting Dog? The Domestic Dog or the Bush Dog?

The 6 kingdoms Prokaryotes (Used to be 1 kingdom, Monera) Eukaryotes Archaebacteria Eubacteria Eukaryotes Fungi Protista Animal Plantae

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Archaebacteria Unicellular Live in extreme environments Prokaryotic Eubacteria “Common bacteria”

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Protista Eukaryotic Unicellular or colonial Lots of different life styles Fungi Cell walls made of chitin Multicellular External heterotrophs

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Plantae Eukaryotic & Multicellular Cell walls made of cellulose Autotrophic Animalia No cell walls Internal heterotrophs

The Dichotomous Key A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism. The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences. The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

Dichotomous Key

Organisms Interactions Commensalism- A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed Example: The remora, AKA suckerfish and sharks.

Organisms Interactions Mutualism - A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit Example: bee and the flower or bacteria and the human

Organisms Interactions Parasitism - A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and another is harmed Example: tapeworms, fleas, and mosquito

Trophic Levels

Trophic Levels 10% of energy is passed on each time you move up a step in the energy pyramid.

Questions What is highest taxa? What is the lowest taxa? Can you have the species without the genus? What are two reasons scientist use Binomial nomenclature?