Musculoskeletal System Chapter 14 Musculoskeletal System Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 14 Lesson 14.1 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14-2

Objectives Identify organs and structures of the musculoskeletal system Identify and define types of body movement Define and spell the word parts related to the musculoskeletal system Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Functions of the Musculoskeletal System The skeletal system provides a framework for the body, protects the soft body parts such as the brain, stores calcium, and produces blood cells The adult body contains 206 bones The muscular system provides movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production The body consists of more than 600 muscles The muscular system provides movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production. The skeletal system protects soft body parts such as the brain. It also stores calcium and produces blood cells. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bone Structure periosteum: outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue compact bone: dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum cancellous (spongy) bone: contains small spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone endosteum: membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone Note the complexity of the elements that make up the bone structure. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bone Structure (cont’d.) diaphysis: shaft of the long bones epiphysis: ends of the long bone bone marrow: material found in the cavities of bones red marrow: thick, blood-like material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones (location of blood cell formation) yellow marrow: soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bone Structure (cont’d.) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Skeletal Bones maxilla: upper jawbone mandible: lower jawbone What function does each jawbone provide? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Skeletal Bones (cont’d) vertebral column: made up of bones called vertebrae through which the spinal cord runs cervical vertebrae (C1-C7): first set of 7 forming the neck thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12): second set of 12 vertebrae lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5): third set of 5 larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of spine What is the function of the thoracic vertebrae? (They articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine.) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Skeletal Bones (cont’d) vertebral column (cont’d) sacrum: next five vertebrae, which fuse together coccyx: four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone lamina: part of the vertebral arch The sacrum is a group of vertebrae fused together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Skeletal Bones (cont’d) clavicle (2): collarbone scapula (2): shoulder blade sternum: breastbone upper extremities: arm and hand bones humerus (2) phalanges (28) ulna (2) metacarpals (10) radius (2) carpals (16) Describe each of these skeletal bones: clavicle scapula sternum humerus ulna and radius carpals metacarpals phalanges Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Skeletal Bones (cont’d) pelvic bones (3 pairs fused together) illium (2) ischium (2) pubis (2) lower extremities: leg and foot bones femur (2) tarsals (4) patella (2) metatarsals (10) tibia (2) phalanges (28) fibula (2) Describe each of the skeletal bones mentioned. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Skeleton (Anterior View) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Skeleton (Posterior View) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Joints joint: holds bones together and makes movement possible articular cartilage: smooth layer of gristle covering the contacting surface of joints meniscus: crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee intervertebral disk: cartilagionous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine pubic symphysis: cartilaginous joint at which two public bones fuse together Articular cartilage: smooth layer of gristle covering the contacting surface of joints. Intervertebral disk: cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae. Pubic symphysis: cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Joints (cont’d.) synovia: fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities bursa: fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another ligament: flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint tendon: band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone aponeurosis: strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Knee Joint Review the function of the parts of the knee joint. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Muscles skeletal muscles (striated): attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. Also known as voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles. How are skeletal muscles different from other muscle groups? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Muscles (cont’d.) smooth muscles (unstriated): located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also called involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily. cardiac muscle: forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat. Discuss the importance of involuntary muscles. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Body Movement Bones and muscles work together to produce various movements. Some are listed below: abduction adduction inversion eversion extension flexion pronation rotation supination Give examples of these body movement types. abduction: movement of drawing away from the middle adduction: movement of drawing toward the middle inversion: turning inward; eversion: turning outward extension: movement of placing a limb in a straight position; flexion: movement in which a limb is bent pronation: movement that turns the palm down supination: movement that turns the palm up rotation: turning around its own axis Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Body Movement (cont’d) What bones and muscles work together to produce these body movements? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms of the Musculoskeletal System carp/o clavic/o, clavicul/o cost/o crani/o femor/o fibul/o humer/o ili/o ischi/o lumb/o mandibul/o maxill/o Give the combining form for “wrist,” “lower leg,” “upper leg,” and “jaw.” Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms of the Musculoskeletal System (cont’d.) patell/o pelv/i, pelv/o phalang/o pub/o rachi/o radi/o sacr/o scapul/o spondyl/o, vertebr/o stern/o tars/o tibi/o uln/o For which structure is rachi/o used? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms of Joints aponeur/o arthr/o burs/o chondr/o disk/o menisc/o synovi/o ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o aponeur/o: aponeurosis arthr/o: joint burs/o: bursa chondr/o: cartilage disk/o: intervertebral disk menisc/o: meniscus synovi/o: synovia ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o: tendon Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms Commonly Used with Musculoskeletal System ankyl/o kinesi/o kyph/o lamin/o lord/o myel/o my/o, myos/o oste/o petr/o scoli/o ankyl/o: crooked, stiff, bent kinesi/o: movement, motion kyph/o: hump lamin/o: lamina lord/o: bent forward myel/o: bone marrow my/o, myos/o: muscle oste/o: bone petr/o: stone scoli/o: crooked, curved Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefixes inter- supra- sym-, syn- inter-: between supra-: above sym-, syn-: together, joined Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Clicker Question In the medical term sym/physis, the prefix means together, joined surgical fixation, fusion between growth Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes -asthenia -clasia, -clasis, -clast -desis -physis -schisis asthenia: weakness -clasia: break -clasis, -clast: break -desis: surgical fixation, fusion -physis: growth -schisis: split, fissure Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 14 Lesson 14.2 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives Define, pronounce and spell disease and disorder terms related to the musculoskeletal system. Define, pronounce and spell surgical terms related to the musculoskeletal system. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts ankylosis arthritis bursitis chondromalacia cranioschisis diskitis fibromyalgia kyphosis lordosis maxillitis meniscitis myasthenia myeloma osteitis osteoarthritis (OA) Give the term for the following diseases or disorders: softening of cartilage muscle weakness inflammation of the bone abnormal lateral curve of the spine inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (con’t) osteochondritis osteofibroma osteomalacia osteomyelitis osteopenia osteopetrosis osteosarcoma polymyositis rachischisis rhabdomyolysis scoliosis spondylarthritis spondylosis synoviosarcoma tendinitis tenosynovitis Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Knee Joint A B C A, Normal. B, Osteoarthritis. C, Rheumatoid arthritis Discuss how the parts of the knee joint differ in the three examples. A, Normal. B, Osteoarthritis. C, Rheumatoid arthritis Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Clicker Question The medical term that means softening of bones is osteopetrosis osteoporosis osteomalacia Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts ankylosing spondylitis bunion carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Colles fracture exostosis fracture (fx) gout herniated disk Discuss the causes of these diseases or disorders: bunion, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), Colles fracture, and gout. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (con’t) Lyme disease muscular dystrophy (MD) myasthenia gravis (MC) osteoporosis rheumatoid arthritis (RA) spinal stenosis spondylolisthesis Discuss the causes of these disease and disorders; muscular dystrophy (MD), osteoporosis, and rhuematoid arthritis (RA). Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Terms Known by Other Names Term Also called. . . kyphosis hunchback rachischisis spina bifida bunion spur herniated disk slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated nucleus pulposus Note the common names for these medical terms. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Carpal Tunnel Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Colles Fracture Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spondylolithesis and Spinal Stenosis Discuss spondylolithesis and spinal stenosis. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts arthrocentesis aponeurorrhaphy arthroclasia arthrodesis arthroplasty bursectomy carpectomy chondrectomy chondroplasty costectomy cranioplasty craniotomy diskectomy laminectomy maxillectomy meniscectomy Which term contains a word part that means “excision”? Which term contains a word part that means “surgical repair of a bone or cartilage”? Which term contains a word part that means “a joint”? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Clicker Question The correct spelling of the term meaning surgical puncture of a joint to aspirate fluid is athrocentesis arthocentesis arhtrocentesis* Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts (con’t) myorrhaphy ostectomy osteoclasis patellectomy phalangectomy rachiotomy spondylosyndesis synovectomy tarsectomy tenomyoplasty tenorrhaphy tenotomy vertebroplasty Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Herniated Disk What cause for a herniated disk does the picture indicate? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diskectomy What word part refers to the action shown in the picture? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 14 Lesson 14.3 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives Define, pronounce and spell diagnostic terms related to the musculoskeletal system. Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to the musculoskeletal system. Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to the musculoskeletal system. Interpret, read and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts Diagnostic imaging arthrography Endoscopy arthroscopy Other electromyogram (EMG) Name the diagnostic terms that apply to the following actions: radiographic imaging of a joint visual examination of a joint What is an electromyogram (EMG)? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

joint/cv/visual examination Clicker Question The procedure shown is a (an) arthrocentesis arthroscopy arthroscope Discuss the procedure shown in the picture. This is a clicker question. Does it need the comment? joint/cv/visual examination Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts arthralgia atrophy bradykinesia carpal cranial dyskinesia dystrophy femoral humeral hyperkinesia hypertrophy iliofemoral intercostal intervertebral intracranial ischiofibular ischiopubic lumbar lumbocostal lumbosacral What do the terms atrophy and osteoblast indicate about the level of development? Contrast the movement types built from the word part brady- and dys-. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Clicker Question The term dystrophy means abnormal development difficult movement excessive development Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (con’t) subcostal submandibular submaxillary subscapular substernal suprapatellar suprascapular symphysis vertebrocostal osteoblast osteocyte osteonecrosis pelvic pelvisacral pubic pubofemoral sacral sternoclavicular sternoid Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts crepitus chiropodist, podiatrist chiropractic orthopedics orthopedist orthotics orthotist osteopath osteopathy prosthesis Compare and contrast the common word parts for orthopedics and orthotics. How similar are the terms that are built? What word parts describe the term for an “artificial substitute for a missing body part”? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Abbreviations MG C1-C7 OA CTS ortho EMG RA fx T1-T12 HNP THA L1-L5 MD What is the difference between MD and MG? What is the difference between OA and RA? What is the difference between C1-C7 and T1-T12? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Terms in Use 1. The orthopedist recommended Mr. Jones have an arthrodesis to reduce pain caused from an ankle fracture he sustained several years ago. 2. Mrs. Brown severed a tendon by accidentally walking through a glass patio door. A tenorrhaphy was performed to repair the tendon. 3. An electromyogram can assist the physician in diagnosing muscular dystrophy. Atrophy frequently occurs in patients with this disease. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Terms in Use (con’t) 4. Adjective forms of medical terms. a. cranial laceration b. intercostal muscles c. pain in the subcostal region d. herniation of an intervertebral disk e. intracranial pressure f. femoral artery g. strain of the ischiopubic area h. degenerative disease of the sternoclavicular joint Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.