Chapter 1 Introductions Presentation Outline Basic terms and definitions Thermodynamic laws and principles Prime movers for energy conversion World energy trend

Definitions of Some Terms & Concepts Energy is the ability to do work and work is the transfer of energy from one form to another. Energy comes in different forms - heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. There are two types of energy - stored (potential) energy and working (kinetic) energy. Potential Energy: is stored energy and the energy of position (gravitational). Chemical Energy: is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are examples of stored chemical energy.

Introduction … Nuclear Energy: is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom- the energy that holds the nucleus together. The nucleus of a uranium atom is an example of nuclear energy. Stored Mechanical Energy: is energy stored in objects by the application of a force. Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical energy. Gravitational Energy: is the energy of place or position. Water in a reservoir behind a hydropower dam is an example of gravitational energy. When the water is released to spin the turbines, it becomes motion energy. Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy is energy in motion- the motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules and substances. It exists in various forms. Radiant Energy: Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Solar energy is an example of radiant energy.

It can be transformed from one to another more easily Introduction … Thermal Energy: Thermal energy (or heat) is the internal energy in substances- the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules within substances. Geothermal energy is an example of thermal energy. Electrical Energy: Electrical energy is the movement of electrons. Lightning and electricity are examples of electrical energy. Electrical energy is more suitable form of energy. It can be transformed from one to another more easily It can be transported long distance It can be easily stored for later use.

Types of Energy Resources Conventional Energy Source: a source of energy that has been widely used for many years. Thermal-electric power plants, hydro-electric power plants, and nuclear power plants are examples. Renewable Energy Resource: a source of energy that can be used indefinitely, without running out. Wind, solar power , geothermal power are examples. Non-Renewable Energy Resource: a source of energy that is in limited supply and could eventually be completely used up. Examples: fossil fuels, nuclear power Energy Conversion: Concerned with the transformation of energy from sources such as fossil fuel and radiation from Sun into conveniently used forms such as electrical energy, propulsive energy, heating and cooling.

Thermodynamics …. Thermodynamics: a science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy), and, by extension, of the relationships between all forms of energy. For efficient conversion of energy from one form to another, knowledge of thermodynamic laws and principles is necessary Combined heat and power (CHP) is one example in which thermodynamic laws are used. In CHP, the waste heat from room heaters can be used to generate power by using steam turbines.

Laws of Thermodynamics The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law is the basis of temperature measurement. First Law of Thermodynamics: The change in internal energy of a closed system is equals to the heat added to the system (or absorbed from the environment) minus the work done by the system (or on the environment). This law is a consequence of conservation of energy. Second Law of Thermodynamics It is impossible to extract an amount of heat QH from a hot reservoir and use it all to do work W. Some amount of heat QC must be exhausted to a cold reservoir.

World energy trend and challenges

Growth in wind

Renewable energy alternatives