USSR and Russian Leadership 1918-Present

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Presentation transcript:

USSR and Russian Leadership 1918-Present

V.I. Lenin (1918-1922) “A lie told often enough becomes the truth.” New Economic Policy (N.E.P.) March 1921 Limited economic freedom - capitalism Successful 1926: industrial output surpassed 1913 levels as well as increases in grain production Increased standard of living for workers and peasants Stroke in 1922 - political power vacuum created Stalin vs. Trotsky

Josef Stalin (1923-1953) 1927 - Stalin consolidates power 5 Year Plan (1928) - government economic planning Emphasis on heavy industry - agriculture Collectivization (1929) Creation of state farms War against kulaks - wealthy peasants Industrialization - spectacular achievement 4X amount produced in 1937 as 1928 Collectivization - Economic disaster - 10 million dead - Victory for Communists - eliminate peasant threat - 1938: family plots - 22% of agricultural output on 4% of the land

Josef Stalin (1923-1953) Life in the Soviet Union Stagnant standard of living Lack of consumer goods Lack of housing Life hard but workers received pensions, medical care, education Education key to advancement Incentives to skilled workers and managers Women - gains in equality in the work place Culture - propaganda Glorification of Stalin Art glorifies the state Great Purges (1930s) - Communist Party 8 Million arrested/executed

Nikita Khrushchev (1955-1964) Reformer - Communist Party needed changing De-stalinization (1956) Denounced Stalin and his crimes Greater liberalization Increase in consumer goods and agriculture “Peaceful coexistence” Relaxing of tensions Hungary (1956) Removed from power in 1964 “Kinder, gentler Communist Party” 1960-pounded his shoe at the General Assembly to protest discussion of the Soviet Union and its policies in Eastern Europe

Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982) Stagnation Re-stalinization Focus on “good points” Czechoslovakia (1968) Alexander Dubcek - Communist reformer “Prague Spring” Brezhnev Doctrine - right to intervene in any socialist country Defining moment of Brezhnev era Soviet invasion of Afghanistan - 1979 Reagan (1980) - “Evil empire” Massive US defense spending During the 1970s, Brezhnev spent as much money on defense as the US but in an economy that was half of the US

Andropov/Chernenko (1982-1985) Post-Brezhnev era: Economic slowdown - people realized something was wrong with the system Rising expectations of the people - they were becoming aware of the world standards

Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991) 3 Major Reforms: Perestroika - economic restructuring Limited private enterprise 1988 - not going well Glasnost - openness Democratization Grassroots participation Free election - 1989 Miscalculated in his ability to control democratic movement Soviet states want more independence August 1991 - Attempted coup Kidnapped by hard-liners

Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999) Boris Yeltsin 1991: Elected president of Russian Federation Saved Gorbachev in attempted August coup Declared Russia’s independence and withdrew from USSR Soviet Union ends Dec., 1991 Formation of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - minor role Economic reforms - “gangster capitalism” Political reforms - strong presidency 2nd term - 1996

Vladimir Putin (2000-2008) Consolidating power Combating corruption and terrorism Expand economy Re-establish world power status of Russia Democrat or autocrat?

Demitry Medvedev (2008-Pres) Future?