Chapter 14.3 & 15 Biotechnology Pedigree Notes (11.1) Chapter 14.3 & 15 Biotechnology

14.3 & 15 Vocabulary Restriction Enzyme – page 403 Gel Electrophoresis – glossary Biotechnology – page 419 Recombinant DNA – glossary Plasmid – glossary DNA fingerprinting – glossary Genetic Engineering – deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material

14.3 & 15 Biotechnology Standards: 4B.2 Objectives: Explain how biotechnology is used in medicine, agriculture, and forensic science.

Genome Genome – organism’s complete set of DNA Human Genome Project – sequencing 3 billion base pairs of human DNA & identifying genes

Biotechnology Biotechnology Pedigree Notes (11.1) Biotechnology Biotechnology Using biological processes, organisms, cells or cell components to develop new technology. Biotechnologists develop technology  useful in research, agriculture, industry, and medicine. LIFE Application of Science

Human Insulin produced Pedigree Notes (11.1) Tolerate Herbicides Genetic Engineering Deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. Goal  introduce new traits to organism All organisms share same genetic code Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Human Insulin produced GM bacteria

Techniques Used to Manipulate DNA Restriction Enzymes Gel Electrophoresis DNA Fingerprinting Bacterial Plasmids

Restriction Enzymes DNA is a long molecule  cut into smaller pieces to study it easier. Restriction Enzymes – cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence

Gel Electrophoresis Separates segments of DNA based on length. Electric current applied to gelatin in tray  one end of gel is positive and other is negative Cut up DNA is added to negative end and DNA (which is negative) moves to positive end Smaller DNA pieces move faster than larger ones Dye is used and appear as bands or lines.

DNA Fingerprinting Each person has unique genome (DNA sequence) Pedigree Notes (11.1) DNA Fingerprinting Each person has unique genome (DNA sequence) EXCEPT identical twins  same genome Gel electrophoresis  produce specific pattern of bands  creates DNA fingerprint. Provides forensic evidence & family relationships.

DNA Fingerprinting

Bacterial Plasmids Bacterial Plasmids –DNA ring in bacteria’s cytoplasm Recombinant DNA – DNA containing genes from more than one organism Bacterial plasmids used to create recombinant DNA  restriction enzyme cuts gene from foreign DNA & cuts bacterial plasmid  foreign DNA inserted into plasmid DNA  forms RECOMBINANT DNA

Bacterial Plasmids Creates Recombinant DNA

Cloning Nucleus of egg removed Foster mother Egg donor Fused cell Cell donor Donor nucleus Fused cell Embryo Foster mother Cloned lamb