Electrical Components and Circuits Chapter 2: Electrical Components and Circuits
Bread board Printed circuit board
Laws of Electricity 1, Ohm’s Law V = iR V: potential difference in volts between two points in a circuit (work/coulomb = joule/coulomb) i: current, R: resistance 2. Kirchhoff’s law (1) current law: the algebraic sum of currents around any points in a circuit is zero. (2) voltage law: the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero. 3. Power law P = i ·V = i ·(iR) = i2R
Direct-Current Circuits Series Circuit
Direct-Current Circuits Series Circuit Rs: total resistance of a series circuit
Direct-Current Circuits Voltage Divider provide voltage that are variable functions of an input voltage Potentiometer:
Digital Voltmeter and Multimeter Can be used to measure DC potentials, currents, and resistance Voltage Measurement Current Measurement Loading error in current measurement: Table 2-2. Er = -Rstd/(RL+Rstd) x 100% (2-20); small Rstd/RL low error
Digital Voltmeter and Multimeter Resistance Measurement
Loading Errors in Voltage Measurement
Glass/Calomel Electrode (pH electrode) Instrument for measuring cell potentials Glass/Calomel Electrode (pH electrode) True potential = 0.800 V Internal resistance = 20 MΩ Measuring device = 100 MΩ Relative error = ? If RM= 1000 MΩ EM = 0.784 V If RM= 1x104 MΩ EM = 0.798 V
Oscilloscope - a most useful and versatile laboratory instrument - a graph (e.g. electrical signal)-displaying device - show how signals change over time This simple graph can tell you many things about a signal: -determine time and voltage -calculate the frequency of an oscillating signal
Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope What can you do with it? Oscilloscopes are used by everyone from television repair technicians to scientists. Scientific data can be gathered by an oscilloscope
Oscilloscope Oscilloscope block diagram
Semiconductor Diodes Breakdown voltage