Electrical Components and Circuits

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Presentation transcript:

Electrical Components and Circuits Chapter 2: Electrical Components and Circuits

Bread board Printed circuit board

Laws of Electricity 1, Ohm’s Law V = iR V: potential difference in volts between two points in a circuit (work/coulomb = joule/coulomb) i: current, R: resistance 2. Kirchhoff’s law (1) current law: the algebraic sum of currents around any points in a circuit is zero. (2) voltage law: the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero. 3. Power law P = i ·V = i ·(iR) = i2R

Direct-Current Circuits Series Circuit

Direct-Current Circuits Series Circuit Rs: total resistance of a series circuit

Direct-Current Circuits Voltage Divider provide voltage that are variable functions of an input voltage Potentiometer:

Digital Voltmeter and Multimeter Can be used to measure DC potentials, currents, and resistance Voltage Measurement Current Measurement Loading error in current measurement: Table 2-2. Er = -Rstd/(RL+Rstd) x 100% (2-20); small Rstd/RL  low error

Digital Voltmeter and Multimeter Resistance Measurement

Loading Errors in Voltage Measurement

Glass/Calomel Electrode (pH electrode) Instrument for measuring cell potentials Glass/Calomel Electrode (pH electrode) True potential = 0.800 V Internal resistance = 20 MΩ Measuring device = 100 MΩ Relative error = ? If RM= 1000 MΩ EM = 0.784 V If RM= 1x104 MΩ EM = 0.798 V

Oscilloscope - a most useful and versatile laboratory instrument - a graph (e.g. electrical signal)-displaying device - show how signals change over time This simple graph can tell you many things about a signal: -determine time and voltage -calculate the frequency of an oscillating signal

Oscilloscope

Oscilloscope What can you do with it? Oscilloscopes are used by everyone from television repair technicians to scientists. Scientific data can be gathered by an oscilloscope

Oscilloscope Oscilloscope block diagram

Semiconductor Diodes Breakdown voltage