Unit A – Biological Diversity What is a Species? What does diversity mean? What are types of relationships? What is a Niche?

Outcomes: observe variation in living things, and describe examples of variation among species and within species  identify examples of niches, and describe the role of variation in allowing closely related living things to survive in the same ecosystem  identify the role of variation in species survival under changing environmental conditions  describe examples of variation of characteristics within a species

What do we mean when we say… Biology Diversity What would happen when we put it all together?

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Biological diversity refers to the variety of species and ecosystems on the earth. In an ecosystem, living (biotic) things interact with non- living (abiotic) things in a shared environment. What are some examples of Biotic and Abiotic things?

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Biotic Examples: plants, animals, insects Abiotic Examples: rocks, water, weather events,

PRACTICE: BIOTIC OR ABIOTIC?

EXAMINING DIVERSITY What is a Species? A species is a particular group of organisms that have the same structure and can reproduce with each other. What are some examples?

The Earth’s species diversity is not evenly distributed. Diversity Index is the measurement that compares the diversity in an area to the total number of species in that same area.

Think About it! This is due to warm temperatures, a large amount of sunlight per day, which in turn allows for more plants to grow and more animals to survive The closer to the equator you go the more diversity there is. Why do you think that is?

EXAMINING DIVERSITY Do Activity A1 What are some patterns you notice? Why is that pattern happening? There are over 1.5 million species of animals and 350, 000 species of plants that have been identified. BUT there are more species of insects than of all the other species combined!

DIVERSITY WITHIN ECOSYSTEMS A population is when members of a species live in a specific area and share the same resources. Community is when populations of different species live in the same area. Ecosystem Diversity refers to the variety of ecosystems in a given place.

DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES Species diversity occurs within individual organisms of the same species. Genetic Diversity refers to the variations between members of a population caused by small differences in DNA. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system.

30 Second Break! Put the terms in order from largest to smallest Community Ecosystem Species Population

Variation Within Species Variation within a population, of a single species, is called variability. Variability is important if the environment, in which the species lives, changes (suddenly or drastically). When a species has a great deal of variation, then, some of the individuals within that species will likely survive when there is change. Examples of variability include: Red fox (color of coat) Antibiotic resistance (bacteria)

Banded Snails A really good example of this is the banded snail. Each snail, although part of the same species, has different shades of bands and different sizes of bands. What variations can we see in the population of our class? Can we see all of the variations?

Dog Breeds – Species Diversity How many types of Dogs can you list? All dogs are under the species name Canis lupus. What else is under that? Look at page 59 in your textbook

STUDYING DIVERSITY Complete the Diversity Index Activity. This is due at the end of class. This is your first assignment for this unit! Work in table groups to complete the task. You Each must hand in your own paper.

Hand Variation Hand Span in cm 12 or less 13-16 17-20 21-24 25-28 29 or more Number of Students  

CLASSIFYING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY In the 1700’s a Swedish scientist named Carolus Linnaeus developed a system for naming organisms and classifying them in a meaningful way. The two-name Latin naming system. Why do you think he chose Latin as language and not Swedish?

CLASSIFYING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY He grouped them according to their physical structure. This was very helpful because he brought worldwide consistency to the naming of species. In his system, two words name each living thing: the first word is the Genus and the second word is the species. Both words when written are always in italics and genus is always capitalized. Genus species.

FURTHER CLASSIFICATION Modern scientists further developed this system into the 5 kingdom Classification. The kingdom is the first division Animalia (animals) Plantae (plants) Fungi (yeasts, mold, mushrooms) Protista (mostly single-celled organisms) Monera (bacteria)

THE WHOLE NAMING SYSTEM 1) Kingdom 2 )Phylum 2a) Subphylum 3) Class 4) Order 5) Family 6) Genus 7) Species   Come up with a mnemonic device that will help you remember the order

WHAT IS THE CANIS LUPUS? Kingdom 1) Animalia Phylum 2) Chordata 2a) Subphylum 2a)Vertebrata Class 3) Mammalia Order 4) Carnivora Family 5) Canidae Genus 6) Canis Species 7) Canis lupus

WHAT IS THE CANIS LUPUS? Multimedia https://www.edumedia- sciences.com/en/a661- classification-of-living- things https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=F38BmgPcZ_I

CLASSIFYING DIVERSITY

CLASSIFYING DIVERSITY http://fergusonfoundation.org/btw-students/fish- identification/ Fishing for a Name Activity

Interdepended Species

Outcomes: investigate and interpret dependencies among species that link the survival of one species to the survival of others identify examples of symbiotic relationships and classify symbiotic relationships as mutualism, commensalism, parasitism identify the role of variation in species survival under changing environmental conditions What’s a Niche? 

1.2 INTERDEPENDENCE Each and every species depends on many other species within an environment in order to survive and prosper. An example of this is a food chain. Come up with an example of a food chain with your partner. Be prepared to share with the class!

SYMBIOSIS Symbiosis is a type of interdependence which is the association between members of different species. There are 5 types of symbiosis that we will look at. Commensalism (+,0) Mutualism (+,+) Parasitism (+,-) Predator/Prey (+,-) Interspecies Competition (-,-) For your notes, + benefits, - negative, 0 neutral

SYMBIOSIS Complete card sort activity to come up with examples. In your desk partners, find another pair and sort the cards together. Write down your examples in your notes.

COMMENSALISM One of the participating members benefits, but the other does not and there is no harm done to that organism. Ex. A bird that builds its nest in a tree; the bird benefits and the tree is not affected. Can you think of other examples?

COMMENSALISM

COMMENSALISM a bird using a tree to build its nest in barnacles on a whale Others?

MUTUALISM Both organisms benefit. The benefit is mutual (as the root word suggests). Ex. A lichen growing in the artic tundra is a combination of two organisms (a fungus and alga). The Alga cells provide food for themselves and the fungus, and the fungus protects the cells from dehydration. Other examples?

MUTUALISM

MUTUALISM lichen (algae and fungi) growing in the Arctic Tundra benefit each other flower Clusia provides medicine to bees Others?

PARASITISM One organism benefits and the other is harmed. Ex. A tapeworm attached to the intestinal wall of the human. The tapeworm absorbs nutrients, leaving little nutrients for the human to absorb. The parasite usually doesn’t kill the host, because the host represents the parasites food supply. Other examples?

PARASITISM

PARASITISM Goldenrod Ball Gall Fly A Fly lays eggs on goldenrod, then larvae uses the plant for food, which creates a growth that kills the plant

INTERSPECIES COMPETITION This happens when two or more species need the same resource. This type of competition helps to limit the size of the populations of the competing species. Examples?

PREDATOR-PREY A predator prey relationship involves an animal using the other for food. The predator acts as the hunter, and the prey acts as the food in the relationship. Examples?

Think about it Why are these relationships important?

Multimedia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGSUU3E9ZoM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqa0OPbdvjw

NICHE A niche is the role of an organism within a particular ecosystem. This includes what an organism eats, what eats it, its habitat, nesting sites or range, and its effect on both the populations around it and its environment. What is included in your niche? As humans do you compete for your niche?

NICHE

NICHE There are two types of niches Broad Niche – many adaptations to survive several conditions (Generalists) Narrow Niche – few adaptations for survival (Specialists) Any examples of animals that fit those niches? Pandas are examples of animals that are specialists. They only eat Bamboo, which limits where they can live.

The Page of Cuteness!

AGAIN WITH THE CAMELS… BROAD OR NARROW NICHE?

NICHE Complete the Niche organization sheet. Tear off the last sheet and hand in to Ms. Deanne This is an INDIVIDUAL assignment