Pakistan, Afghanistan

People Pakistan Sunni: 75-85% Shia: 10-25% Punjabis 42% Pashtuns 17.% Sindhis 14% Seraikis 10% Muhajirs 7% Balochs 3%

People Afghanistan Population 31 million Languages: Dari (50%) Pashtu, Uzbek, Turkmen 80% Sunni, 20% Shia Pashtun 40% Tajik 33% Hazara 11% Uzbek 9% Aimak 1% Turkmen 2% Baloch 1%

The Great Game 19th C

Pakistan Afghanistan Nuclear capable US ally Close ties to Saudi Arabia Perpetual potential conflict with India Soviet invasion 1979 Emergence of the Taliban Coalition invasion 2001 Continued instability

Nuclear Weapons Nuclear capable 1988 A. Q. Khan network Centrifuge technologies exchanged for missile technologies with N. Korea, as well as deals with Iran and Libya

Saudi Pakistan Special Relationship Pakistan provides, arms and training for the Saudi military Pakistan Air Force involved in Yemen in 1969. 1970s and 1980s, 15,000 Pakistani soldiers in Saudi Purchase of Pakistani ballistic missiles Saudi funded Pakistan's bomb programme Extensive religious and educational aide to Pak 1 Million Pakistani immigrants in Saudi Trade agreements

Eastern Theatre of the Middle East Cold War Both Iran and Saudi have influence in Afghanistan Saudi does so through relations with Pakistan Iran seeks allies among the Persian speaking Shi’ite

Conflict in Afghanistan (1978) Saur Revolution, anti communist insurrection (1979–89) Soviet–Afghan War (1989–92) Afghan Civil War– collapse of Communist Najibullah government (1992–96) Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) Taliban majority control (2001) Coalition intervention

ISI and the Taliban Taliban Developed from the Soviet – Afghan War, Trained by Pakistan, Armed by US and Saudi Arabia Attempt to promote a pro-Pakistan government used Afghanistan as a buffer to the USSR Following Soviet withdrawal civil war emerged in 1989

Taliban vs Northern Alliance Peshwar Accord, Islamic State of Afghanistan Civil War, Tribal Warlords Taliban, 1996 – 2001, Mullah Omar Northern Alliance Ahmed Shah Masood

War on Terror Following 9/11 refusal to surrender Osama bin Landen resulted in multi-national invasion 2004 New government established, with limited control over the country