Combination of prostate-specific antigen detection and micro-Raman spectroscopy for confirmatory semen detection  Ilan Feine, Ron Gafny, Iddo Pinkas  Forensic Science International  Volume 270, Pages 241-247 (January 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.10.012 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Urea and urine Raman spectra. Urea (A) and urine (B) samples were prepared as described in Section 2 and subjected to micro Raman spectroscopy measurements. These spectra are representative of three similar experiments, and have been normalized to the most intense peak. Forensic Science International 2017 270, 241-247DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.10.012) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Semen from multiple donors and diluted semen Raman spectra. Semen from three different individuals (A) and semen dilution (B) samples were prepared as described in Section 2 and subjected to micro Raman spectroscopy measurements. These spectra are representative of three similar experiments. All spectra are normalized to the maximum intensity. Forensic Science International 2017 270, 241-247DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.10.012) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Urine and semen Raman spectra extracted from swabs and cloth. Urine (A) and semen (B) were deposited on swabs or cloth, left to dry, extracted and dried on aluminum foil which was subjected to Raman spectroscopy measurements. These spectra are representative of three similar experiments. Forensic Science International 2017 270, 241-247DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.10.012) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Urine and semen mixture Raman spectra. Five different mixtures of urine and semen were prepared and measured by micro Raman spectroscopy. A—100:1 volumetric mixture of urine and semen. B—10:1 volumetric mixture. C—1:1 volumetric mixture. D—1:10 volumetric mixture. E—1:100 volumetric mixture. The X-axis represents Raman shift (cm−1). The peak near 1000cm−1 becomes less pronounced and narrower as the urine concentration grows smaller allowing us to see the signature of phenylalanine an amino acid present in proteins from the semen. These spectra are representative of three similar experiments for each mixture. Forensic Science International 2017 270, 241-247DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.10.012) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Chromatographic PSA immune-detection. PSA tests were carried out with PSA SEMIQUANT® cassette. Results were considered positive only if all three lines were observed (test result line, internal standard and control line). A—Pristine and diluted urine (1:10, 1:100). B—Volumetric mixtures of urine and semen. The cassette note “U to S 100:1” corresponds to a 100:1 volumetric mixture of urine and semen and so on for the other mixture shown. C—Urine and semen extracted from swabs and cloths, as noted on the cassette. Negative controls (DDW and blank extractions from cloths and swabs) showed internal standard and control line with no visible test result line (not shown). These results are representative of three similar experiments for each sample type. Forensic Science International 2017 270, 241-247DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.10.012) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions