Ch. 14- Scientific Revolution

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHUWP9zu4W8

Scientific Revolution Gradual movement that consisted of a few hundred scientists over a period of many years (1470s-1730s) in different countries 16, 17, 18th Centuries New Advances (especially in astronomy) captured public attention and allowed movement to gain cultural authority Shift from Church or Ancient Rome or Greece  to Reason & Scientific Observation

5 New Theories + Discoveries 1. Nicolas Copernicus Heliocentric Theory 2. John Kepler Planetary Motion 3. Galileo Telescope 4. Isaac Newton Law of Gravity 5. William Harvey Circulation of Blood

Nicholas Copernicus Questioned the Geocentric view of the universe sponsored by Ptolemy On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres Book written by Copernicus Argued heliocentric view of the universe

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Made more extensive observations than any previous astronomer. Advance Heliocentric view

Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 Brahe’s Assistant Used Brahe’s research to advance Heliocentric view The New Astronomy Planets orbited around the sun in a elliptical fashion

Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 One of first astronomers to view sky with telescope Popularized Copernican interpretation of heavens using empirical rationale evidence

Isaac Newton 1642- 1727 Principia Mathematic (1687) Proved mathematically that planets and other physical objects moved through mutual attraction, or gravity

Philosophy responds to Science God as a divine watchmaker: World is perceived in mechanical terms

Francis Bacon Novum Organum and The Advancement of Learning Urged peers to continue search for truth in natural world Encouraged Further Experimentation

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Developed the Scientific Method Discourse on Method Argued that all thought should be founded on Mathematical model and rejected any thought not founded on reason

Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679 Leviathan People are born naturally evil Human beings are at war with others and themselves Rulers should have no limits on Power

John Locke First Treatise of Government and Second Treatise of Government People are born good Government should protect basic rights: Life, Liberty, Property Social Contract: People should enter into a contract with government to preserve natural rights

New Science and Religious Faith Galileo- angers church with his interpretation. Put on trial and sentenced to house arrest for his disobedience Blaise Pascal- French mathematician who saw religion as separate from reason and Science. Allied himself with Jansenists Wager- Better to believe and get rewards and instead of not believe and face consequences

English Approach to Science and Religion Rational God- scientific advancements are apart of god’s plan

Continuing Superstition From 1400-1700 an estimated 70,000-100,000 people sentenced to death for magic and witchcraft Cunning Folk- people who possessed “special powers” Church declares that only priests possess magical abilities. Those who practiced magic outside the church were inspired by the devil https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2xlQaimsGg

Women and Scientific Rev Philosophy: Margaret Cavendish- significant contributions to the field of Philosophy Debated with Descartes and Hobbes First Women invited to Royal Society of London Observations upon Experimental Philosophy Grounds of Natural Philosophy

Astronomy Maria Cunitz- Publishes a book Maria Winkelmann- discovered a comet in 1702 and not given credit until 1930 Emilie Du Chatelet- translated Newton’s Principia to French

Important Outcomes Emphasis on Reason & Systematic Observation of Nature Formulation of Scientific Method Expansion of Scientific Knowledge

FRQ “The Scientific Revolution was not a revolution in Science, but rather was a revolution in thought.” Assess the Validity of this statement.