The High Middle Ages CHAPTER 14 Section 1: The Crusades 7/22/2018 CHAPTER 14 The High Middle Ages Section 1: The Crusades Section 2: The Revival of Trade Section 3: The Growth of Towns Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 6: Challenges to Church Power

The Crusades Objectives: Section 1: Identify the main causes of the Crusades. Describe the outcome of the First Crusade. Describe the outcomes of the other major crusades. Explain how the Crusades affected Europe.

The Crusades Causes of the Crusades Section 1: Free the Holy Land from Seljuq control By 1080 the Seljuq Turks had conquered Palestine In 1095, Pope Urban II called for a Crusade to drive the Turks from the Christian sights in the Holy Land For over 200 years, European would undertake a series of wars to do this

Section 1: The Crusades Causes of the Crusades

The Crusades The First Crusade Section 1: Brought much of the Holy Land under European control Ended in July, 1099 with a massacre in Jerusalem Created 4 Crusader states

The First Crusade: Major Figures Section 1: The Crusades The First Crusade: Major Figures Emperor Alexius I (Byzantine) Called for help Pope Urban II Sermon in Clermont Peter the Hermit Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemund of Taranto, Adhemar of LePuy

The Crusades Other Major Crusades Section 1: The Second Crusade – failed to recapture Damascus (1147) King Louis of France The Third Crusade (1187) again failed to recapture Jerusalem Richard the Lion-heart, Phillip Augustus, Frederick Barbarossa

The Crusades Other Major Crusades Section 1: The Fourth Crusade (1201) Led by Venice attacked Constantinople Constantinople collapsed in 1453 Other crusades – crusades continued until the last Christian stronghold, Acre, fell in 1291

Results of the Crusades Section 1: The Crusades Results of the Crusades Four main Crusades, 4 minor ones Militarily, they were a failure Soldiers did learn about new weapons and military tactics Political changes – fewer lords, stronger kings, end of feudalism, more powerful Christian church Ideas and trade – new ideas and trade patterns

The Revival of Trade Objectives: Section 2: Explain factors that led to the revival of trade in Europe. Describe goods traded in Europe and explain why fairs began. Identify important business developments that resulted from the growth of trade.

The Revival of Trade Trade Routes Section 2: Very little trade under Feudalism All goods produced on the Manor Trade revived after 1000 Trade in Italy – sea and overland trade routes Trade in northern Europe – growth in population and wealth The Hanseatic League – German trading cities joined together to increase trade

Section 2: The Revival of Trade Trade Routes

Trade Goods and Markets Section 2: The Revival of Trade Trade Goods and Markets After decline of trade for centuries, trade was revived. Main reason was the Crusades Wanted goods from Asia Italians city-states of Venice and Genoa were the first to benefit Other Italian states soon followed Trade also revived in northern Europe As trade increased, fairs and markets were created

Trade Goods and Markets Section 2: The Revival of Trade Trade Goods and Markets Luxury goods such as dyes, medicines, silks, spices Came from the Far East (Asia) Manufactured goods such as cotton, linen, art objects Local markets gave rise to fairs for sale of imported goods with added tax Fairs were social events and the main place to trade

Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment Section 2: The Revival of Trade Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment Three developments grew from trade and fairs Manufacturing increased Banking system Practice of investing capital These practices formed the basis of capitalism

Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment Section 2: The Revival of Trade Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment Capitalism Regional currencies developed because of different values of money Bills of Exchange were developed Allowed businessmen to deposit money in one bank and use the money in another place

The Growth of Towns Objectives: Section 3: Identify rights townspeople gained during the late Middle Ages. Explain how merchant and craft guilds contributed to their communities. Describe how the growth of cities helped lead to the decline of serfdom.

The Rights of Townspeople Section 3: The Growth of Towns The Rights of Townspeople The revival of trade led to the growth of towns and cities Town received Charters of Liberties from Kings This growth caused a decline in the feudal system Townspeople were exempt from working on the manor Townspeople gained political liberties not enjoyed by serfs on the manor Serfs received freedom after a year and a day in a town

The Rights of Townspeople Section 3: The Growth of Towns The Rights of Townspeople A middle class of merchants and crafts workers emerged in towns and cities Commercial privileges – could sell freely in town market, charge tolls to outsiders

The Growth of Towns Guilds Section 3: These merchants and crafts workers established guilds to regulate manufacturing and trade Merchant Guilds – outside merchants had to pay a fee to trade in towns Workers – craft guilds set guidelines for wages, hours, and working conditions; start as apprentice: lived and worked for Master Workers then journeyman: had not yet created a masterpiece then master of that craft guild Led to a rise of the middle class – merchants and master workers

The Growth of Towns Medieval Towns Section 3: Town life – serfs escaped Manors to gain freedom The Black Death – cities were dark, unsafe, dirty, and unhealthy, causing disease to spread rapidly Bubonic or pneumonic plague Spread by fleas carried on rats Hit Europe in 1348 1/3-2/3 of the population died Meant survivors could charge higher wages

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Objectives: Analyze changes in languages and literature during the Middle Ages. Examine changes in education during the Middle Ages. Identify developments made in philosophy and science. Describe the characteristic architecture of the later Middle Ages.

Language and Literature Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Language and Literature Early vernacular literature everyday language used in songs, romances, rhymed comic stories, epics, and dramas Gave rise to French, English, Italian, Spanish and other languages

Language and Literature Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Language and Literature The flowering of vernacular literature The Song of Roland (1100) About the Franks and Moors Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) Inferno, Paradise, Purgatory Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) The Canterbury Tales

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Education University teachers and students set up guilds to protect and gain rights for themselves, developed stages of study called degrees Four major universities created by 1400s Paris, Oxford, Bologna, Salerno

Philosophy and Science Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Philosophy and Science Philosophy – scholasticism brought together faith and reason Peter Abelard: Questioned Church's teaching Thomas Aquinas: Summarized Christian thought Science mathematics and optics, advances in farming equipment

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Church Architecture Romanesque architecture featured arches, domes, vaults, low horizontal lines, few windows

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Church Architecture Gothic architecture – pointed arches, tall spires, high walls, stained-glass windows

Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations Objectives: Identify how the Hundred Years’ War affected England and France. Analyze how Spain’s rulers both strengthened and weakened their nation. Explain why the Holy Roman Empire remained weak throughout the later Middle Ages.

Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations England The Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453 Edward III of England claimed French throne, but French assembly chose Philip VI of Flanders; brought new weapons (longbows, gunpowder, cannon); Parliament gained more power over the king The War of the Roses 1455-1485 war for England’s throne ended with strong monarchy

Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations France A fight for the throne – Joan of Arc helped France regain throne and drive English out A return of strong kings – feudal lords lost power to the king, who unified France under royal control

Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations Spain Ferdinand and Isabella – gave Spain a strong monarchy but weakened business and trade through discrimination

Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations The Holy Roman Empire Germany and Italy – independent prices in Germany and the pope in Italy refused to surrender power to the emperors

Challenges to Church Power Section 6: Challenges to Church Power Objectives: Identify the factors that led to the decline of the Catholic Church in the later Middle Ages. Describe how the Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism affected the church. Explain why great teachers and priests challenged the church during the later Middle Ages.

Challenges to Church Power Section 6: Challenges to Church Power Church Power Weakens Power shifted from the church to monarchs Kings felt the Church limited trade People began to question church practices People felt the Church was more concerned about raising money Church leadership lived lavish lifestyles

Challenges to Church Power Section 6: Challenges to Church Power Church Power Weakens 1294: Phillip IV declared the clergy had to pay taxes Pope angered King accused the Pope of heresy in the Estates-General and had him captured. French King took control of the Church

The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism Section 6: Challenges to Church Power The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism People lost respect for the church Competition among opposing popes weakened papal and church authority Babylonian Captivity: Late 1300s the Popes were selected by the French, seat of the Papacy moved to French city of Avignon

The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism Section 6: Challenges to Church Power The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism The Great Schism: Eventually two Popes were selected, one French and one Italian 1378-1418 Led to a split within the church People lost respect for the Church because they believed the French King controlled it.

The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism Section 6: Challenges to Church Power The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism Situations were resolved by 1418 by Council of Constance but both weakened the power and prestige of the church Church came under attack from scholars and priests who blamed problems on the corruption of the clergy Many clergy members had secret wives or mistresses

More Problems for the Church Section 6: Challenges to Church Power More Problems for the Church Defender of the Faith (1324) Stated that Pope was only an elected leader and had no power over Kings John Wycliffe 1320-1384 did not believe in absolute power of pope and criticized abuses and wealth of the Church Translated the Bible into English

More Problems for the Church Section 6: Challenges to Church Power More Problems for the Church Jan Hus 1369-1415 criticized abuses within the church Burned at the stake as a heretic

Challenges to Church Power Section 6: Challenges to Church Power Vocabulary List Seljuq Turks Hanseatic League Domestic System Market Economy Craft Guild Geoffrey Chaucer Joan of Arc Louis XI Babylonian Captivity Defender of the Faith Pope Urban II Crusades

Challenges to Church Power Section 6: Challenges to Church Power Vocabulary List Constantinople/Byzantium Fair Barter Economy Usury Romanesque Gothic Hundred Years’ War War of the Roses Pope Boniface VIII Investment Capital Parliament John Wycliffe/Jan Huss