The Rise of Nation-States Middle Ages: Europe The Rise of Nation-States

Rise of Nation States Background: European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period. Nation-states are large groups of people who are ruled by one central government, who share a common language and who feel a sense of loyalty to the group.

England 1. William the Conqueror – leader of the Norman Conquest, origninally from France united most of England after the Battle of Hastings (1066 C.E.) 2. Common Law -developed in the course of time from the rulings of judges the reign of Henry II (12th century)

England 3. King John signed the Magna Carta in 1215 C.E. which limited the King’s power, gave more power to nobles: **Parliament** 4. The Hundred Years War between England and France helped define England as a nation. (War for the throne of France, France won, 1337 – 1453)

King John of England

France 1. Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France. (He succeeded the last Carolingian king) 987 C.E. 

2. The Hundred Years War between England and France helped define France as a nation. (War for the throne of France, France won, 1337 – 1453)

France: Joan of Arc 3. Joan of Arc was a unifying factor in the Hundred Years War for the French forces God told her kick the English out Won at Orleans – huge turning point (1429 C.E.) Captured, condemned as a witch and a heretic (England) Burned at the stake 1431 C.E. Charles II of France did not come to her aid

Spain Ferdinand & Isabella unified the country and expelled Muslim Moors during a time called the Reconquista (late 15th century) Reconquista- a series of battles by Christians to recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors)

Spain 3. Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Phillip II (mid 16th century) Spain David Kim Philip Cho; 2. slideshare.net

Russia 1. Ivan the Great (15th century) Threw off the rule of the Mongols in Russia Centralized power in Moscow Expanded the Russian nation

Russia 2. Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar (czar). Ivan IV, until then tsars were known as the Grand Prince of all Russia (1547). 3. The Orthodox Church influenced unification

The Crusades The Crusades were carried out by Christian political & religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zjbj6sg/revision/4

Economic Causes Younger sons looking for land and the ability to increase social status Merchants made $ by making loans and leasing ships Increase trade with Muslim traders

Religious Causes Crusaders were guaranteed a place in Heaven Reclaim Holy Land for Christianity

Pope Urban II The pope promised remission of sins: “All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested.” (Council of Clermont- 1095)

1st Crusade Recaptured Jerusalem 1099 C.E. Established the Crusader States: Jerusalem Edessa Tripoli Antioch

Crusades 2nd: 1147- Edessa was attacked by Muslims 3rd: 1187- Saladin retakes Jerusalem (King Richard the Lion-Hearted vs. Saladin = truce) 4th: 1204- Sack of Constantinople https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/crusades--64

Saladin –important Muslim military & political leader in the 12 century 3rd Crusade leads Muslim army & retakes Jerusalem from Christians Signs truce with Richard Lion-Hearted, Christians pilgrims can visit Jerusalem never regained by Crusaders

Effects of the Crusades 1. Weakened the Pope; strengthened Monarchs 2. Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East 3. Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims 4. Weakened the Byzantine Empire http://www.thearma.org/essays/Crusades.htm#.WNxW5vnyvIU

The Black Death: In the fourteenth century, the Black Death (or Bubonic Plague) destroyed the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe.

Symptoms Buboes (swelling) of groin, neck , arms oozed and bled Fever, headaches, nausea, vomiting, etc. 80% died within first week of contracting the disease.

Economic and Social impact of the Black Death in much of Asia and Europe 1. Decline in population – 1/3 of Europe died 2. Scarcity of Labor – not enough people to work , farms abandoned 3. Towns freed from feudal obligations – feudalism breaking down Serfs left manors in search of better wages

4. Decline of church influence – prayers failed to stop the plague Economic and Social impact of the Black Death in much of Asia and Europe http://www.endocytosis.org/Black_Plague/ 4. Decline of church influence – prayers failed to stop the plague Priests wouldn’t perform services for those who were dying 5. Disruption of trade – declined as prices rose, less people willing to travel