3.2 -Violence in sport What types of violence are there? Why does violence occur? How is violence dealt with?

Violence in Football- Video Types of violence Violence generally occurs in in one of two ways... As a spontaneous outburst As a predetermined or planned action Ronan O'Gara Violence in Football- Video Ron Artest

Why does violence occur? Covered in greater detail in ‘Chapter 12- Changing behaviour’ General causes will be... Genetic inheritance predisposing people towards aggressive behaviour Frustration- in competitive environments , frustration can lead to aggression. The more important the contest the greater the potential for aggression Loss of self-identity, following actions of crowd rather than own nature. Social learning- Imitating actions of a role model (reinforced in some way)

How is Violence dealt with? Dealing with violent behaviour is the responsibilty of... NGB of the sport and League officials Team Managers/Coaches Individual performers

NGBs and their role Why? Responsibilty to protect players from being the victim Keen to diminish violent behaviour which brings the sport into disrepute Police and legal system becoming more involved, NGB would rather deal with it themselves. How? Ensuring officials decisions are supported Punishing players post match Using post-match video evidence or citing system Using players with good disciplinary records as role models Using fair play awards Training officials in how to diffuse situations.

Team Managers/Coaches and their role Why? Great responsibility for player conduct Instructions given in training, expectations and singling players out all affect behaviour How? Setting a good example Establish a code of conduct Criticise and punish players Drop or fine player Praise and promote those who set good example Try to keep volatile players out of high pressure situations Stress appropriate behaviour in team talks Understand individual levels of arousal and try to avoid over arousal Train players to manage own arousal Avoid a ‘Win at all costs’ mentality

Individual performers and their role Why? In reality, a player is responsible fro their own actions. Should have clear understanding of moral and ethical code. Through social learning ideals will be refined and formed. How? Being exposed to positive role models from a young age Receiving a set of expectations or code of conduct Understanding how to control their own levels of arousal Knowing what leads to anger and frustration and finding ways to avoid those situations Need confidence to take an individual stand even if asked to behave in a certain way