Figure 4 Monthly all-cause (A-C) and pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality rates among Japanese children aged 5–9 years. Vertical dotted lines, January.

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Figure 4 Monthly all-cause (A-C) and pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality rates among Japanese children aged 5–9 years. Vertical dotted lines, January of the specified year. From: Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(7):939-947. doi:10.1086/432938 Clin Infect Dis | © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Figure 5 Monthly all-cause (A-C) and pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality rates among Japanese children aged 10–14 years. Vertical dotted lines, January of the specified year. From: Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(7):939-947. doi:10.1086/432938 Clin Infect Dis | © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Figure 6 Monthly all-cause (A-C) and pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality rates among Japanese infants aged <1 year. Vertical dotted lines, January of the specified year. From: Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(7):939-947. doi:10.1086/432938 Clin Infect Dis | © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Figure 7 Monthly all-cause (A-C) mortality rates among Japanese children (age, 1–4 years) and elderly persons (age, 65–69 years). Vertical dotted lines, January of the specified year. From: Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(7):939-947. doi:10.1086/432938 Clin Infect Dis | © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Table 1 Influenza virus types and subtypes and excess mortality rates associated with influenza epidemics in Japan, 1974–2003. From: Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(7):939-947. doi:10.1086/432938 Clin Infect Dis | © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Figure 8 A, Estimated annual numbers of influenza vaccine doses administered versus annual excess all-cause (A-C) mortality rates among young children (age, 1–4 years; A) and annual excess pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality rates among young children (B) in Japan. During 1975–1994, almost all influenza vaccine doses were used for mass vaccination of schoolchildren, whereas after 1994, most influenza vaccine doses were used for young children and for elderly persons (age, >65 years). See Methods for an explanation of how data were calculated. From: Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(7):939-947. doi:10.1086/432938 Clin Infect Dis | © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Table 2 Monthly peaks of influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, all-cause deaths, and pneumonia and influenza (P&I) deaths among young children. From: Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(7):939-947. doi:10.1086/432938 Clin Infect Dis | © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Figure 1 Annual numbers of doses of influenza vaccine distributed in Japan during 1970–2003. Between 1970 and 1994, almost all vaccine doses were used for mass vaccination of schoolchildren (age, 6–15 years), whereas after 1994, vaccine doses were mainly used for vaccination of young children (age, 1–4 years) and of elderly persons (age, 60–69 years). From: Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(7):939-947. doi:10.1086/432938 Clin Infect Dis | © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Figure 3 Peak monthly all-cause and pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality rates during 1972–1989 (A) and 1990–1999 (B) From: Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(7):939-947. doi:10.1086/432938 Clin Infect Dis | © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Figure 2 Monthly all-cause (A-C) and pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality rates among young Japanese children aged 1–4 years. Vertical dotted lines, January of the specified year. From: Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(7):939-947. doi:10.1086/432938 Clin Infect Dis | © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America