Peaceful Coexistence, the Thaw and changing relations: 1953 – 62. 1953: March – Stalin dies 1953: July -- Korean War ends 1954: March –KGB established 1954 -- CIA helps overthrow unfriendly regimes in Iran and Guatemala 1954: July -- Vietnam split at 17th parallel 1955: May -- Warsaw Pact formed 1956: October - November -- Rebellion put down in Communist Hungary. Egypt took control of Suez Canal; U.S. refused to help take it back 1957: October 4 -- Sputnik launched into orbit 1958: November -- Khrushchev demands withdrawal of troops from Berlin 1959: January -- Cuba taken over by Fidel Castro 1959: September -- Khrushchev visits United States; denied access to Disneyland 1960: May -- Soviet Union reveals that U.S. spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory 1960: November -- John F. Kennedy elected President 1961: April -- Bay of Pigs invasion 1961: July -- Kennedy requests 25% spending increase for military 1961: August 13 -- Berlin border closed 1961: August 17 -- Construction of Berlin Wall begins 1962: -- U.S. involvement in Vietnam increased 1962: October -- Cuban Missile Crisis

Excerpts from Khrushchev's address to 20th Party Congress February 1956: Stalin ... practiced brutal violence, not only toward everything which opposed him, but also toward that which seemed to his capricious and despotic character contrary to his concepts... Stalin abandoned the method of ideological struggle for that of administrative violence, mass repressions and terror … Stalin showed in a whole series of cases his intolerance, his brutality and his abuse of power. ... He often chose the path of repression and annihilation, not only against actual enemies, but also against individuals who had not committed any crimes against the party and the Soviet government... Stalin was a very distrustful man, sickly suspicious. ... Everywhere and in everything he saw "enemies," "two-facers" and "spies." Possessing unlimited power, he indulged in great wilfulness and choked a person morally and physically. A situation was created where one could not express one's own will. When Stalin said that one or another would be arrested, it was necessary to accept on faith that he was an "enemy of the people." What proofs were offered? The confession of the arrested. ... How is it possible that a person confesses to crimes that he had not committed? Only in one way -- because of application of physical methods of pressuring him, tortures, bringing him to a state of unconsciousness, deprivation of his judgment, taking away of his human dignity... What is surprising / shocking / suggestive of a change in policy in this speech? Highlight opinions of Stalin

Why did Peaceful Coexistence emerge? Khrushchev Malenkov Beria Stalin dies MAD 2 Camps

What were the principles of peaceful Co Existence? De-Stalinisation: No more cult Reduce military spending: Living standards. Reduce power of the army. Reduce fear of M.A.D. Better relationship with West: Negotiation over confrontation. Inevitability of capitalist failure. Strong Soviet Union: Assert control over E. Europe. Eventual Victory / Strength

Impact of Peaceful Co-Existence Event: Austrian State Treaty Detail: 1955. - Both sides to withdraw troops. - Austria to be a neutral country. Soviet motives: Not worth the economic cost. - Sign of possible future compromise. What the West would think: Peacefully coexisting? Event: Soviet Withdrawal from Porkalla (Finland) Detail: 1956. Soviet forces withdraw from area granted to them following WW2. Still controlled elections in Finland (1962) Soviet motives: Not worth the cost of maintaining the border. Appear more approachable. What the West would think: Peacefully coexisting? Yes No Yes No

Events that challenge the idea of Peaceful Coexistence: The Hungary Uprising: 1956 What happened in the uprising? Why did the SU crush the protesters? What was the USA’s response? Why could this show Peaceful Coexistence and why may it not? The (3rd) Berlin Crisis + Berlin Wall: 1961 Why did the E. German government want a wall? Why did Khrushchev refuse and then finally build one? What was Kennedy’s response? How might this show that PC was a reality and also fiction?

The US Foreign policy response – Eisenhower and Kennedy: USFP: Kennan Long Telegram – 1950: 1950, new idea of ____________ with the publication of NSC – 68. 1953, Korean War effect, M.A.D., Eisenhower new ideas…

New Look Reality Military force Principles Brinksmanship Covert Ops Expansionism Brinksmanship New Look Covert Ops Massive retaliation

Reality Principles New Look Military force Brinksmanship Expansionism Covert Ops Massive retaliation

Events to support / challenge the idea of a thaw in relations Date Brief Detail Support / Opposes the idea of a thaw in relations? Geneva summit 1955 The two leaders meet in the first summit between the two superpowers since Potsdam Supports – Agreements made on visits and exchanges of scientists between countries. Dialogue open. Open Skies Khrushchev Visit to the USA U2 Incident Vienna Conference

Calls for an all-German government. Eisenhower proposes open skies. Khrushchev visits the USA, diplomatic embarrassment over his rejection from Disneyland. Calls for an all-German government. Eisenhower proposes open skies. Armistice ends the Korean war in a stalemate—both sides stuck at the 38th parallel. Warsaw pact forms a military alliance of Eastern bloc countries First Satellite in space—Sputnik, shows the huge amounts both sides spending on arms development. Hungarian uprising—Soviet troops crush Hungarian protestors. Austria reunited as a neutral country. Agreed USA and USSR will exchange scientists and musicians Negotiations on Germany fail due to its admission to NATO—no longer neutral. 1959—62 worsening Chinese—Soviet relations ends with eventual formal split between the allies. Summit collapse in Paris following the U2 incident. Secret speech 1956—Khrushchev talks about de Stalinisation Khrushchev attempts to dominate Kennedy in the first meeting of the new leaders. JFK becomes president Eisenhower becomes president Khrushchev becomes premier

Keyword Definition Similar words / Related words Example of events where it is relevant Non examples – Events where it is not relevant

Keyword Definition Similar words / Related words Example of events where it is relevant Non examples – Events where it is not relevant

Ext: The effect of the Arms Race / Space / Other areas of competition: 1945 Gaither report published 1946 US test first intercontinental bomber 1949 US constructs Sub launched missiles 1952 US test and use first Atom bomb 1953 Baruch plan fails 1955 Geneva summit – ‘OPEN SKIES’ US Test first hydrogen bomb 1956 USSR test first intercontinental bomber 1957 US has 4,000 warheads, USSR 220 USSR test first hydrogen bomb 1960 USSR test first atom bomb 1962 USSR test first ICBM EDEXCEL 102 - 104

1949 Soviet Union … …America no longer has its huge advantage..

Arms developments Hydrogen bomb B52 Bomber SLBM

1957 US attempts…fail.

1960’s new technology, the ABM and MIRV

USA prepare for the worst – Nuclear war.

Or... Mutually Assured Destruction M.A.D. Or... Mutually Assured Destruction

Space developments Sputnik 1957 1961 Yuri Gagarin First Man in Space 1957: Laika the first dog in space 1961 Yuri Gagarin First Man in Space Diameter: approx 500cm Sputnik 1957

1960 Olympics: USSR win more medals than the USA