B. Transmitter release is measured by amperometry

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B. Transmitter release is measured by amperometry B. Transmitter release is measured by amperometry. A cell is voltage-clamped with an intracellular patch electrode while an extracellular carbon fiber is pressed against the cell surface. A large voltage applied to the tip of the carbon electrode oxidizes certain amine transmitters (such as serotonin or norepinephrine). This oxidation of one molecule generates one or more free electrons, which results in an electrical current that is proportional to the amount of transmitter release. The current can be recorded through an amplifier (A2) connected to the carbon electrode. Membrane current and capacitance are recorded through the patch electrode amplifier (A1) . Recordings of transmitter release and capacitance measurements from mast cell secretory vesicles are shown at the right. These records indicate that serotonin may be released through the reversible opening and closing of the fusion pore prior to full fusion or by reversible fusion pore opening and closing through the fusion pore alone, that is without full fusion. During the brief fusion pore openings small amounts of transmitter escape through the pore, resulting in a low-level signal (a foot) that precedes a large spike of transmitter release upon full fusion (see inset for illustration). During the foot the cell membrane capacitance (proportional to cell surface area) undergoes reversible step-like changes as the fusion pore opens and closes. Sometimes the reversible opening and closing is not followed by full fusion, such that transmitter is released through the fusion pore alone. (Adapted, with permission, from Neher 1993.) Source: Transmitter Release, Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Editon Citation: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, Siegelbaum SA, Hudspeth AJ, Mack S. Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Editon; 2012 Available at: https://neurology.mhmedical.com/DownloadImage.aspx?image=/data/books/1049/kan_ch12_f009.png&sec=59141168&BookID=1049&ChapterSecID=59138636&imagename= Accessed: November 09, 2017 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved