Chapter 11 Hypothesis Testing II Statistics for Business and Economics 6th Edition Chapter 11 Hypothesis Testing II Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter Goals After completing this chapter, you should be able to: Test hypotheses for the difference between two population means Two means, matched pairs Independent populations, population variances known Independent populations, population variances unknown but equal Complete a hypothesis test for the difference between two proportions (large samples) Use the chi-square distribution for tests of the variance of a normal distribution Use the F table to find critical F values Complete an F test for the equality of two variances Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Two Sample Tests Two Sample Tests Population Proportions Population Variances Proportion 1 vs. Proportion 2 Variance 1 vs. Variance 2 (Note similarities to Chapter 9) Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Test Statistic for Two Population Proportions The test statistic for H0: Px – Py = 0 is a z value: Population proportions Where Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Decision Rules: Proportions Population proportions Lower-tail test: H0: px – py  0 H1: px – py < 0 Upper-tail test: H0: px – py ≤ 0 H1: px – py > 0 Two-tail test: H0: px – py = 0 H1: px – py ≠ 0 a a a/2 a/2 -za za -za/2 za/2 Reject H0 if z < -za Reject H0 if z > za Reject H0 if z < -za/2 or z > za/2 Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example: Two Population Proportions Is there a significant difference between the proportion of men and the proportion of women who will vote Yes on Proposition A? In a random sample, 36 of 72 men and 31 of 50 women indicated they would vote Yes Test at the .05 level of significance Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example: Two Population Proportions (continued) The hypothesis test is: H0: PM – PW = 0 (the two proportions are equal) H1: PM – PW ≠ 0 (there is a significant difference between proportions) The sample proportions are: Men: = 36/72 = .50 Women: = 31/50 = .62 The estimate for the common overall proportion is: Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example: Two Population Proportions (continued) Reject H0 Reject H0 The test statistic for PM – PW = 0 is: .025 .025 -1.96 1.96 -1.31 Decision: Do not reject H0 Conclusion: There is not significant evidence of a difference between men and women in proportions who will vote yes. Critical Values = ±1.96 For  = .05 Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hypothesis Tests of one Population Variance Goal: Test hypotheses about the population variance, σ2 If the population is normally distributed, follows a chi-square distribution with (n – 1) degrees of freedom Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Confidence Intervals for the Population Variance (continued) The test statistic for hypothesis tests about one population variance is Population Variance Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Decision Rules: Variance Population variance Lower-tail test: H0: σ2  σ02 H1: σ2 < σ02 Upper-tail test: H0: σ2 ≤ σ02 H1: σ2 > σ02 Two-tail test: H0: σ2 = σ02 H1: σ2 ≠ σ02 a a a/2 a/2 Reject H0 if Reject H0 if Reject H0 if or Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hypothesis Tests for Two Variances Population Variances Goal: Test hypotheses about two population variances H0: σx2  σy2 H1: σx2 < σy2 Lower-tail test F test statistic H0: σx2 ≤ σy2 H1: σx2 > σy2 Upper-tail test H0: σx2 = σy2 H1: σx2 ≠ σy2 Two-tail test The two populations are assumed to be independent and normally distributed Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hypothesis Tests for Two Variances (continued) The random variable Tests for Two Population Variances F test statistic Has an F distribution with (nx – 1) numerator degrees of freedom and (ny – 1) denominator degrees of freedom Denote an F value with 1 numerator and 2 denominator degrees of freedom by Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Test Statistic Tests for Two Population Variances The critical value for a hypothesis test about two population variances is F test statistic where F has (nx – 1) numerator degrees of freedom and (ny – 1) denominator degrees of freedom Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Decision Rules: Two Variances Use sx2 to denote the larger variance. H0: σx2 = σy2 H1: σx2 ≠ σy2 H0: σx2 ≤ σy2 H1: σx2 > σy2 /2  F F Do not reject H0 Reject H0 Do not reject H0 Reject H0 rejection region for a two-tail test is: where sx2 is the larger of the two sample variances Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example: F Test You are a financial analyst for a brokerage firm. You want to compare dividend yields between stocks listed on the NYSE & NASDAQ. You collect the following data: NYSE NASDAQ Number 21 25 Mean 3.27 2.53 Std dev 1.30 1.16 Is there a difference in the variances between the NYSE & NASDAQ at the  = 0.10 level? Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

F Test: Example Solution Form the hypothesis test: H0: σx2 = σy2 (there is no difference between variances) H1: σx2 ≠ σy2 (there is a difference between variances) Find the F critical values for  = .10/2: Degrees of Freedom: Numerator (NYSE has the larger standard deviation): nx – 1 = 21 – 1 = 20 d.f. Denominator: ny – 1 = 25 – 1 = 24 d.f. Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

F Test: Example Solution (continued) The test statistic is: H0: σx2 = σy2 H1: σx2 ≠ σy2 /2 = .05 F Do not reject H0 Reject H0 F = 1.256 is not in the rejection region, so we do not reject H0 Conclusion: There is not sufficient evidence of a difference in variances at  = .10 Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Two-Sample Tests in EXCEL For variances… F test for two variances: Tools | data analysis | F-test: two sample for variances Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Two-Sample Tests in PHStat Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sample PHStat Output Input Output Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sample PHStat Output Input Output (continued) Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter Summary Compared two population proportions Performed z-test for two population proportions Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter Summary (continued) Used the chi-square test for a single population variance Performed F tests for the difference between two population variances Used the F table to find F critical values Statistics for Business and Economics, 6e © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.