Chapter 17 pt. 2: Cognitive and Biomedical Therapy

Agenda 1. Bell Ringer: AP Psych Review Guide Questions (10) 2. Notes: Finish Therapy (25) 3. Table of Current Therapy (10) 4. Mental Health Video Clip and quick question. (10) 5. Eugenics in Virginia Debate (30) HW: Work on Review Guide, Ask Questions, Study, AP Exam is on Monday!!

The Most Dominant Therapy is the Cognitive Approach

Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Therapy assumes that thoughts exist between events and responses. A person’s response depends on how they interpret the situation. Aim of Cognitive therapy is to teach people new and more realistic, helpful, and adaptive patterns of thinking and acting.

Negative Thought Patterns (Cognition) Leads to Depression Lost job Depression Internal beliefs: I’m worthless. It’s hopeless. My boss is a jerk. I deserve something better. No depression

Methods of Cognitive Therapy

Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Therapy (NOT IN BOOK) Albert Ellis believed that people’s self-defeating thoughts led to self-defeating behaviors. He promoted a form of treatment known as Rational Emotive Therapy: involves getting patients to recognize the irrationalities within their thought patterns and helping them create healthier forms of thinking and behaving.

Aaron Beck and Cognitive Triad Cognitive Triad looks at what a person thinks about his or her self, their world, and their future. Depressed people tend to be negative about all three. The goal is to change their often irrational thinking.

Effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy

Family and Group Therapies Less costly and time consuming therapy is often effective b/c it helps people see that they are not alone in their problem. Family Therapy: assumes no person is an island and that we grow in relation to our families but we also seek to differentiate from them which leads to friction. Therapy focuses on maintaining healthy relationships.

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy? How do We Evaluate? Regression towards the Mean: the tendency for unusual emotions (depression/sadness) or events to return (regress) toward their average state with time.

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy? How do We Evaluate? In order to test impact of treated vs. untreated, studies using meta-analysis must be used. Meta-analysis: procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies to see what is truly effective.

Meta-analysis Illustrates Success of Psychotherapy

Who Conducts Therapy?

Who Conducts Therapy? Clinical psychologists Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise in research, assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice.

Who Conducts Therapy? Clinical or Psychiatric social worker A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems.

Who Conducts Therapy? Counselors Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations. Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims.

Who Conducts Therapy? Psychiatrists Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have a private practice.

Therapies outside of Psychotherapy Are Often Biomedical The biomedical perspective focuses on altering body chemistry. Biomedical perspective is rooted in discoveries of psychopharmacology: study of the effect of drugs on the mind and behavior.

Social Effects of Drug Treatments Introduction of antipsychotic drugs Rapid decline in the mental hospital population 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 State and county mental hospital residents, in thousands

Drug Treatments: Antipsychotics Antipsychotics are used to treat psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. Antipsychotics helps those experiencing both positive and negative symptoms. Most Common Examples: Thorazine: alleviates delusions/hallucinations. Clozaril: alleviates negative symptoms and social withdrawal.

Drug Treatments: Anxiolytics (Anti-Anxiety) Anti-Anxiety drugs depress nervous system activity. Often most heavily abused prescription drug. Most common examples are: Valium Librium Xanax

Drug Treatments: Anti-depressants Most anti-depressants increase the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin which elevates arousal and mood. Most common examples are: Prozac Zoloft Paxil

Drug Treatments: Bipolar Disorder The salt lithium is most frequently used to treat the mood swings of bipolar disorder. Decreases adrenaline and increases serotonin.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Electroconvulsive Therapy: used to treat the severely depressed after other treatments have failed. Success rate is high. Side effects can include some memory loss.

Psychosurgery is Most Drastic Intervention Psychosurgery involves removing or destroying brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. Best known procedure is a lobotomy: Ice pick like instrument is put through the eye sockets cutting the links between the frontal lobes and the emotional control centers. Used to be used to “cure” uncontrollably violent patients but now very rare.

Lobotomy

Practice Using your notes read the 4 scenarios and decide which therapy is being used. Then on the back you be the psychologist and decide the therapy that would work best for each patient.

The AP Psychology Exam Format: Section I: 100 Multiple Choice Questions 1 hr and 10 minutes to complete Section II: Free Response, 2 Questions 50 minutes to complete

Percentage Per Section History and Approaches: 2-4% Developmental Psych: 7-9% Research Methods: 8-10% Personality: 5-7% Biological Bases of Behavior: 8-10% Testing and Individual Differences: 5-7% Sensation and Perception: Abnormal Behavior: 7-9% 6-8% Treatment of Abnormal: 5-7% States of Consciousness: 2-4% Social Psych: 8-10% Learning: 7-9% Cognition: 8-10% Motivation and Emotion: 6-8%