Comparative Management, DR. Yang Motivation Chapter 5 Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Comparative Management, DR. Yang Learning Objectives Define and understand the nature of motivation Explain major content and process theories of motivation and how culture influences their application Discuss how culture influences rewards Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Learning Objectives (cont.) Explain how the meaning of work in different countries influences motivation Consider ways of developing cross-cultural motivation systems Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Comparative Management, DR. Yang Motivation The amount of effort that an individual puts into doing something Willingness to exert high levels of effort towards organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual needs Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Types of Motivation Theories Content Theories Process Theories Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Comparative Management, DR. Yang Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-Actualization Esteem Affiliation Safety and Security Physiological Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory Hygiene Factors Company policy and administration Supervision Relationship with supervisor Work conditions Salary Relationships with peers Security Motivation Factors Achievement Recognition Interesting work Responsibility Advancement Growth Comparative Management, DR. Yang

McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory Need for Achievement Need for Power Need for Affiliation Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Chinese Social Motivation and Leader Effectiveness 7. Leader fitness for multidimensional development 6. Social altruism 5. Self-actualization to the benefit of collectivity 4. Social awareness 3. Safety with group harmony and family support 2. Work ethics and life goal priority 1. Social Acceptance Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Comparative Management, DR. Yang Process Theories Reinforcement Theory Goal Setting Theory Expectancy Theory Equity Theory Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Comparative Management, DR. Yang Reinforcement Theory Giving a reward/reinforcer increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated Ignoring behavior increases the likelihood that it will not be repeated Punishment usually puts an immediate end to a behavior but does not guarantee it will stop in the long run Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Comparative Management, DR. Yang Goal Setting Theory Higher performance can be achieved by Setting goals that are Specific, rather than vague Difficult, but achievable, rather than easy or too risky Giving timely feedback, rather than no feedback Effectiveness of theory depends on Commitment to goal Self-efficacy Comparative Management, DR. Yang

The Expectancy Model of Motivation E P Expectancy Perceived probability of successful performance, given effort P O Expectancy Perceived probability of receiving an outcome, given successful performance Second-level outcomes, each with valence First-level outcomes, each with valence Outcome D Outcome A (extrinsic) Outcome E Effort Outcome B (extrinsic) Performance Instrumentality Perceived probability of a first-level outcome leading to a second-level outcome Outcome C (intrinsic) Motivation is expressed as follows: M = [E ® P] å[(P ® O) (V)] 13

Comparative Management, DR. Yang Equity Theory Outcomes self Outcomes other Inputs self Inputs other Comparative Management, DR. Yang

The Meaning of Work Study Work Centrality Societal Norms about Working Work Goals Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Convergence or Divergence? Popularity of U.S. business education leads to an emphasis on U.S. motivation theories. Global corporations desire to develop consistent policies and practices worldwide. Application of U.S. motivation theories is not equally applicable across cultures. Global corporations need to develop adaptable systems that are consistent and effective in motivating people across cultures. Comparative Management, DR. Yang

Implications for Managers Choosing an universal approach to motivation is virtually impossible. Process theories appear more promising than content theories. It is imperative to understand people who work for you in order to select an appropriate motivation system. Comparative Management, DR. Yang