Fitness Strategies of Recent Fishes Rainer Froese IfM-GEOMAR

Content Definitions Phylogeny of fishes Choice of key traits Recent combinations of traits Life history strategies by Phylogeny Life history strategies by Environment Discussion

Definitions Fitness strategy: a combination of traits that maximizes survival and reproductive success of individuals of a given species in a given environment

Classes of Fishes

Phylogeny Classes Orders Families Genera Species Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) 45 467 4,573 27,271 Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) 3 4 11 Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) 44 175 961 Holocephali (chimaeras) 1 6 37 Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) 2 9 42 Myxini (hagfishes) 7 66

Key Trait: Size small medium large very large 23,603 species

Key Trait: Trophic Level herbi- vore omnivore low-level predator mid-level predator top- predator 7,161 species

Key Trait: Productivity (modified after Musick 1999) Parameter High Medium Low Very low rmax (1/year) > 0.5 0.16 – 0.50 0.05 – 0.15 < 0.05 td (years) <1.4 1.4 - 4.4 4.5 - 14 > 14 Interest rate (%) > 65 17 – 65 5 - 16 < 5 K (1/year) > 0.3 0.16 – 0.30 Fecundity (1/year) > 10,000 100 – 1000 10 – 100 < 10 tm (years) < 1 2 – 4 5 – 10 > 10 tmax (years) 1 – 3 4 – 10 11 – 30 > 30

Key Traits: Productivity Species Percent Very low 263 10.5 Low 1016 40.5 Medium 879 25.0 High 353 14.0 2,511 species

Trait Correlation: Size vs Troph

Trait Correlation: Size vs Productivity

Trait Correlation: Trophic Level vs Productivity

Phylogeny Limits Traits: Size very large large medium small Hagfish Chimaeras Lobe-finned Lampreys Sharks & rays Ray-finned

Phylogeny Limits Traits: Troph Hagfish Chimaeras Lobe-finned Lampreys Sharks & rays Ray-finned

Phylogeny Limits Traits: Productivity Class Productivity Species Percent Myxini Low 66 100 Cephalaspidomorphi 16 36 Medium 2 5 Holocephali 37 Elasmobranchii Very low 206 21 528 55 Sarcopterygii 10 91 Actinopterygii 47 0.2 369 1.4 877 3.2 High 353 1.3

Phylogeny Limits Fitness Strategies Class Trophic group Size Productivity Species Myxini Low-level predator Medium Low 1 Large 4 Mid-level predator Top predator 3 Cephalaspidomorphi Herbivore Omnivore 2

Phylogeny Limits Fitness Strategies Class Trophic group Size Productivity Species Holocephali Low-level predator Large Low 10 Mid-level predator 4 Sarcopterygii Very low 1 Top predator

Phylogeny Limits Fitness Strategies Elasmobranchii Low-level predator Medium Very low 2 Low 5 Large 46 71 Very large 3 Mid-level predator 4 48 74 6 Top predator 41 39 13 8

Phylogeny Limits Fitness Strategies Actinopterygii Herbivore Medium 25 High 16 Large Low 12 22 4 Omnivore Small 3 38 11 24

Phylogeny Limits Fitness Strategies Actinopterygii Low-level predator Small Medium 5 High 17 Very low 1 Low 22 182 173 Large 18 106 184 11 Very large

Phylogeny Limits Fitness Strategies Actinopterygii Mid-level predator Medium Low 2 37 High 12 Large Very low 56 99 3 Very large 1 Top predator 15 6 8 60 87 9 5 4

Expanding the Database: Trophic Level Top Medium Low Trophic level of 97 species of Genus Epinephelus as a function of their body length.

Expanding the Database: Productivity (K) High Medium Low Very low Von Bertalanffy growth parameter K plotted over maximum length for Family Serranidae

Fitness Strategies of Herbivores

Fitness Strategies of Omnivores

Fitness Strategies of Low-level Predators

Fitness Strategies of High-level Predators

Still To Do Fitness Strategies versus: Salinity Temperature / Climate Zone Type of Ecosystem (River, Lake, Reef, Demersal, Pelagic, Seamount, Deep-Sea) Zoogeographic Realms Oceans

Size vs Salinity

Trophic Level vs Salinity

Size vs Mean Temperature

Size vs Climate Zone

Size vs Zoogeographic Realm

Size vs Ocean

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