Introduction to Urinalysis Lesson 5-1 Introduction to Urinalysis

Overview Anatomy of urinary system Urine formation and composition Hormones Tests of renal function Conditions and diseases Dialysis

Role of Kidneys Eliminate waste products Regulate acid–base balance Regulate body fluids Produce hormones Excretion of urine

Anatomy of Urinary System Kidneys Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

Anatomy of the Kidneys Cortex Medulla Renal hilus Functional unit Nephron

The Nephron Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Renal tubule

The Nephron Filters the blood Concentrates the urine

Urine Formation 45 gallons of filtrate produced daily Most water in filtrate is reabsorbed Selective reabsorption Secretion of K+ and H+ ions

Urine Composition Urine 95% water, 5% solutes Urea is solute in highest concentration See Table 5-1

Hormones Influencing Kidney Function Calcitonin Aldosterone Parathyroid hormone Antidiuretic hormone Atrial natriuretic peptide See Table 5-2

Hormones Produced by the Kidneys Erythropoietin Renin Active vitamin D3 See Table 5-3

Urine Volume Several factors influence volume Renal threshold Volume differs with age Adult: 750 mL to 2,000 mL/day Diuretics increase urine output Renal threshold

Tests of Renal Function Routine urinalysis Physical examination Chemical examination Microscopic examination Tests on 24-hour urines

Conditions and Diseases See Table 5-4 Urinary tract infections Diseases of the kidneys Glomerulonephritis Polycystic kidney disease Tubular necrosis

Conditions and Diseases Systemic diseases Diabetes Hypertension Atherosclerosis Autoimmune diseases Nephrotic syndrome Malignancies This project was funded at $3,000,000 (100% of its total cost) from a grant awarded under the Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training Grants, as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. Rogue Community College is an equal opportunity employer/program. Auxiliary aids and services, alternate form and language services are available to individuals with disabilities and limited English proficiency free of cost upon request.   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.