Absolutism and Revolution (1550–1850) Lesson 2 Rise of Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Absolutism and Revolution (1550–1850) Lesson 2 Rise of Austria, Prussia, and Russia Learning Objectives Outline the causes and results of the Thirty Years’ War. Understand how Austria and Prussia emerged as great powers. Explain the steps Peter the Great took to modernize Russia. Describe how Russia grew under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Describe how European nations tried to maintain a balance of power.

Absolutism and Revolution (1550–1850) Lesson 2 Rise of Austria, Prussia, and Russia Key Terms electors mercenaries depopulation Peace of Westphalia Maria Theresa War of the Austrian Succession Prussia Frederick William I Frederick II Peter the Great westernization boyars autocratic warm-water port St. Petersburg Catherine the Great partition

The Thirty Years’ War During the Reformation, the many German-speaking states within the Holy Roman Empire were plunged into religious wars. Some princes remained loyal to the Roman Catholic Church. Others accepted the teachings of Protestant reformers like Martin Luther or John Calvin. By the early 1600s, war raged across much of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Thirty Years’ War A Fragmented “Empire” HRE patchwork of separate states Holy Roman Emperor chosen by electors However, rarely listened to emperor Empire also divided between Catholics and Protestants Conflict Erupts Defenestration of Prague- 30 years war Catholic and Protestant forces faced off A Time of Chaos Mercenaries HRE ravaged by war Wolves and depopulation Peace Is Restored Peace of Westphalia – France- winner Loser Spain and Hapsburgs German lands divided into 360 separate states

The Thirty Years’ War Analyze Maps Identify two modern-day countries with lands that were part of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Thirty Years’ War The Defenestration of Prague, shown here, was the immediate cause of the Thirty Years’ War. The actual causes were long-term political and religious conflict.

Hapsburg Austria Expands The Thirty Years’ War took a terrible toll on the people of the German states. Out of the ashes, however, rose two great German-speaking powers: Austria and Prussia. Like Louis XIV in France, their rulers tried to centralize power and rule as absolute monarchs.

Hapsburg Austria Expands A Diverse Empire Austria expanded its empire in southern Germany and Hungary under Hapsburg name Empress Maria Theresa Daughter of Charles VI Many did not respect her Prussia seized northern Austrian lands War of Austrian Succession Reforms of an Absolute Monarch Helped created stronger Austria and absolute monarchy

Hapsburg Austria Expands The Hapsburg empire included many different peoples and cultures. This painted silk flag shows the double-headed eagle, symbol of the Hapsburg dynasty.

Prussia Emerges While Austria was molding a strong Catholic state, Prussia emerged as a new Protestant German-speaking power in the north. In the 1600s, the Hohenzollern (HOH un tsahl urn) family ruled scattered lands across north Germany. After the Peace of Westphalia, ambitious Hohenzollern rulers united their holdings by taking over states between them. Like absolute rulers elsewhere, they imposed royal power on all their subjects and reduced the independence of their nobles, called Junkers (YOON kerz).

Prussia Emerges Creating an Efficient Bureaucracy Prussia emerges as Protestant power in Northern German States Hohenzollern family Subdue nobility- Junkers Frederick William I- came to power in 1713 Frederick the Great Frederick II Harsh father? United and expanded Prussia

Prussia Emerges Hohenzollern rulers united their lands to create a Prussian empire. This 18th-century print shows a Prussian army camp in Pomerania, territory that lay between East Prussia and West Prussia.

Peter the Great Modernizes Russia From 1604 to 1613, Russia was in a period of disorder, plagued by foreign invasions and internal rebellion. The rise of the first Romanov tsar restored a measure of order. Still, Russia remained a medieval state, untouched by the Renaissance or Reformation and largely isolated from Western Europe.

Peter the Great Modernizes Russia Romanov tsar restore order in Russia Peter the Great- absolute ruler, 1682 Peter Visits the West Wanted to westernize, learn from west Subdue Russian nobles- Boyars The Westernization of Russia Autocrat Boyars shave beards Modernize army, navy Extending Serfdom Kept serfs to make nobles happy A Harsh, Effective Ruler Did whatever it took to bring Russia forward

Peter the Great Modernizes Russia Peter the Great, shown here as a young man, worked to restore order in Russia and make it a great modern power.

Expanding Russia’s Borders From his earliest days as tsar, Peter worked to build Russia’s military power. He created the largest standing army in Europe, built a world-class navy from scratch, and set out to extend Russian borders to the west and south. To achieve these goals meant fighting Russia’s neighbors.

Expanding Russia’s Borders Seeking a Warm-Water Seaport Black Sea- Never got there Catherine the Great did The Great Northern War Took land from Sweden on Baltic Established St. Petersburg A “Window on the West” Expanding to the East All the way to Bering Sea, crossed and reached California A Mixed Legacy

Expanding Russia’s Borders Peter wanted to gain access to a warm-water port and the open sea. His first step toward this goal was to capture Azov, a town in what is now southwestern Russia, from the Turks. This painting shows the successful capture of Azov in 1696.

Catherine the Great Peter’s successors in the Romanov dynasty were ineffective rulers. Russian nobles quickly reasserted their independence. Then a new monarch took the reins of power firmly in hand. She became known to history as Catherine the Great.

Catherine the Great A German Princess Becomes Tsar Probably had husband killed Catherine Embraces Reform An Absolute Monarch Granted charter to boyars- guarantee certain rights Still absolute monarch The Partitions of Poland Russia, Prussia, and Hungary partitioned Poland and took it for themselves

Catherine the Great Catherine the Great, shown here in a 1794 portrait, took over the rule of Russia after the assassination of her husband, Tsar Peter III.

Catherine the Great Analyze Maps Russia expanded its borders from 1689 to 1796. Which five cities could probably serve as warm-water ports?

Five Great European Powers By 1750, five European powers had come to dominate European affairs. They were Austria, Prussia, France, Britain, and Russia. All five had strong centralized governments. Although Spain and the Ottoman Empire ruled parts of Europe, these once powerful empires were in decline.

Five Great European Powers Austria, Russia, Prussia, France, and Britain Struggles for Power Fought A lot 7 years war Absolutism at Its Peak Britain was only exception

Five Great European Powers The Seven Years’ War in Europe pitted Europe, Prussia, and Britain against Austria, France, Russia, and Sweden. This painting shows a December 1757 battle in which the Prussians defeated the Austrians.

Quiz: The Thirty Years’ War Which of the following was a long-term cause of the Thirty Years’ War? A. the Defenestration of Prague B. the Protestant Reformation C. the depopulation of Europe D. the Peace of Westphalia

Quiz: Hapsburg Austria Expands What was one of Maria Theresa's successes as an absolute monarch? A. uniting the German states B. forcing Frederick out of Silesia C. strengthening royal power D. adding Hungary to the Hapsburg empire

Quiz: Prussia Emerges What goal did Frederick the Great pursue as monarch of Prussia? A. winning the Thirty Years’ War B. extending Prussian power through military might C. imposing Catholicism on the German states D. destroying the power of the Junkers

Quiz: Peter the Great Modernizes Russia Why did Peter the Great strengthen serfdom in Russia? A. to follow the example of Western Europe B. to punish people who opposed him C. to help pay for his reforms D. to win the support of the boyars

Quiz: Expanding Russia’s Borders Which is an example of Peter the Great’s legacy? A. He established Russia’s first warm-water port. B. He expanded Russian territory. C. He created a more democratic monarchy. D. He put an end to all serfdom.

Quiz: Catherine the Great How did Catherine succeed where Peter the Great had failed? A. She strengthened the institute of serfdom. B. She expanded Russia's borders. C. She won a warm-water port for Russia. D. She introduced policies to westernize Russia.

Quiz: Five Great European Powers What were the two main rivalries after 1750? A. England and France; Austria and Prussia B. England and Austria; France and Prussia C. England and Prussia; France and Austria D. England and Russia; France and Austria