Cold War Cold War - an atmosphere of suspicion, distrust, rivalry and hostility between the Soviet Union and United States. Not an actual war, but a collection of conflicts / flashpoints that brought the world to the brink of total war.

Cold War Steps leading to the Cold War: Russian Revolution (1917) – communist overthrow Political Isolation of Russia (20s and 30s) - fear of communism Russian Industrial Revolution during the (30s) – thriving while world depressed Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) – Stalin wanted pro-Soviet gov’ts in Eastern Europe. West opposed to Soviet influence Potsdam Conference (July 1945) – division of Germany and Soviet control of Poland was seen as temporary by West and permanent by USSR Atomic Bomb (1945) – Soviets felt betrayed as US never told them about bomb Soviet Spy Network Publicized (1945) - Gouzenko

Cold War Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] GOAL  spread world-wide Communism METHODOLOGIES: Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] Arms Race [nuclear escalation] Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

Cold War Iron Curtain – boundary between two sides. It blocked free movement of info, products, and people

Cold War Truman Doctrine (1947) – $400 million in economic aid to Greece and Turkey. Hoped this would stop spread of communism Marshall Plan (1947)– massive aid package that offered food and economic assistance to European countries. Used to strengthen democracies Keenan’s Policy of Containment – policy to stop the spread of communism following WWII

Cold War Berlin Airlift – In 1948, Soviet Union broke agreement with former allies (and their rights to occupy their share of West Berlin) and formed a blockade (lasts 11 months) Allies flew in food and supplies Increased tensions between the powers

Cold War Vs. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Warsaw Pact (1949) (1955)

Cold War United States Belgium Britain Canada Denmark France Iceland Italy Luxemburg Netherlands Norway Portugal 1952: Greece & Turkey 1955: West Germany 1983: Spain U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Rumania

Cold War Defenses NATO In 1949, Canada and the United States joined with ten western European countries to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Its purpose was to defend Europe and the North Atlantic from Soviet aggression. Although primarily a defensive alliance, NATO had an economic advantage for Canada as well, since such an arrangement binds together all of Canada's trading partners. NATO was a real threat to the Soviets. In 1955, they formed their own alliance, the Warsaw Pact, with the Soviet satellite countries of Eastern Europe. In the event of attack by NATO countries, the Warsaw Pact members agreed to come to each other's defence. NORAD In 1957, Canada signed a treaty with the United States that created the North American Air Defence System (NORAD). Aimed at protecting North American from Soviet attack - NORAD joined Canadians and American fighter, missile and radar units under a single command center. NORAD headquarters are located deep inside a mountain in Colorado. The commander in chief is an American general. A Canadian general serves a deputy commander. Both are always in direct contact with the American president and the Canadian prime minister, whose approval would be necessary for an attack or counterattack.

Cold War Defenses DEW Canada's geographical position between the United States and the Soviet Union makes it vital to North American's defense. Canada worked closely with the U.S. to monitor northern airspace and warn off aircraft that intruded there. In 1957, the United States and Canada built a line of long-range warning stations, known as Distant Early Warning (DEW) stations, to monitor airspace activity. If any station - there were fifty in total - detected missiles or aircraft of unknown origin, it sent a message to NORAD headquarters in Colorado. Although both Canada and the United States were involved in the creation of DEW stations, the $250 million cost of building these radar stations was paid for solely by the United States.

Cold War Arms Race – building military superiority Soviet Union detonates atomic bomb in 1949 U.S. develops hydrogen bomb in 1952 Soviet Union develops hydrogen bomb in 1955 Soviet Union develops Tsar Bomba (50 megatons – largest ever created) in 1961

Cold War