Chapter 1: Matter Section 1

Objectives Explain what matter is. Describe how to measure the mass of matter. Describe how to measure the volume of matter.

All Objects are made of matter Matter is what makes up all of the objects and living objects in the universe. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. (3) What are some examples of matter? A rock? Dog? Water? Air? Sound? Light?

Mass Different objects contain different amounts of matter. Mass is a measure of how much matter an object contains. (5) For example: A metal teaspoon contains more matter than a plastic teaspoon.

Measuring Mass A standard unit of mass is the kilogram, kg (7) A large grapefruit has the mass of about one-half kg. A smaller unit of mass is often measured in grams (g).

What do we use to measure mass? Pan Balance- (9) Beam Balance

Measuring Weight When you pick up your backpack full of books, you can feel it pulling down on your hands. This is because gravity pulls the backpack towards the ground. Weight is the downward pull on an object due to gravity. (11) Weight is measured by using a scale. (12)

The standard scientific unit for weight is the newton (N). (13) A common unit for weight is the pound (lb). 1 kg=9.8 N 1 kg= 2.2 lbs

So are Mass & Weight the Same thing? NO, but they are closely related! Mass describes the amount of matter an object has, and weight describes how strongly gravity is pulling on that matter. Do you think your weight would change on different planets???

I Wonder? Do you think your weight would change on different planets??? Would the gravitational pulls be different on each planet? Let’s Find out! http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/

Volume Volume is a measure of the space matter occupies The amount of space that matter in an object is called is the object’s volume. (15) For example, a bowling ball and a basketball take up approximately the same amount of space therefore they have about the same volume.

Determining Volume (17) Volume=length * width * height V = lwh There are different ways to find the volume of an object. Rectangular objects- Has length, width, and height. To find the volume multiply these three values. (17) Volume=length * width * height V = lwh The volume is centimeters * centimeters * centimeters= cm3

Try this What is the volume of a pizza box that is 8 cm high, 38 cm wide, and 38 cm long? What do you know? Length 38 cm, width= 38cm, height= 8 cm Formula: V=lwh Calculate: 11,552 cm * cm * cm Check your units: cm3 Answer: 11,552 cm3

Measuring Volume by Displacement Although a pizza box has a regular shape, a rock does not. You can use Displacement for figuring this out. Displacement is using the fact that two objects cannot be in the same place at the same time.

Displacement with Graduated Cylinders

Let’s Review What are some examples of matter? What is the difference between weight and mass? What is the volume formula for objects with well defined shapes? Why would you use displacement to measure volume?

Now you do it Volume Measurement Turn to page 14. Read instructions 1-8 Begin creating the charts in your science notebook(examples on page 15)—replace “sponge” with “large box” When finding volume, you only have to do one trial Answer question number 3 in the “conclude” section.

Section 2 & 3 Objectives Identify the smallest particles of matter. Describe how atoms combine into molecules. Describe how atoms and molecules move. Use modeling to draw conclusions about atoms and their masses. Describe how pure and mixed matter are different. Explain how atoms and elements are related Describe how atoms form compounds. Observe and compare in an experiment the properties of individual substances with the properties of mixtures.

So how small is an atom? All matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms. (21) An atom is the smallest of basic unit of matter. (22) Suppose that an atom is the size of the round head on a pin. If you could stick such a pin in the ground, it would cover about 90 square miles--- about one-seventh the area of London, England. It would also be about 80 miles high—almost 15 times the height of Mt. Everest!

Atoms We cannot see atoms. We can see collections of atoms but not a single atom. To put how small atoms are into perspective. A single teaspoon of water contains 500,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms!!!! Although atoms are small, they do have a mass.

Molecules When two or more atoms bond together, or combine, they make a particle called a molecule. (26) For example, a molecule of water is made up of different atoms 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen atom= H2O

Molecules A molecule is the smallest amount of a substance made up of combined atoms that is considered to be that substance. Think about it, if you divide a molecule of water you will no longer have water. Molecules are made up of different numbers of atoms. Vitamin E contains 29 carbon atoms, 50 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms.

Atoms and molecules are always in motion! Atoms and molecules are always in motion. Sometimes this motion is easy to observe, such as when you see dust particles bouncing around the air. Water molecules move too. When you place a drop of food coloring into water, the motion of the water molecules eventually causing the food coloring to spread throughout the water.

Matter combines to form different substances Matter moves in all matter: solids, liquids, and gases. Matter can be pure or it can be two or more substances mixed together. (29 & 30)

What about bottled water? Pure or not? Water is not pure because it has minerals dissolved in it and chemicals added you cannot see. A pure substance has only one type of component. For example, pure silver is contains only silver atoms.

Elements One type of pure substance is an element. An element is a substance that contains only a single type of atom. (32)

Compounds A compound is a substance that consists of two or more different types of atoms bonded together. (33) Many substances can be made, such as carbon dioxide and table salt, NaCl. Although table salt is safe to eat, the individual elements that go into making it—Sodium and chlorine—are poisonous.

Mixtures Most matter around you is a mixture of different substances. Seawater, for example, contains water, salt, and other minerals mixed together. Your blood is another example. A mixure is a combination of different substances that remain the same individual substances and can be separated by physical means. (34)

Mixed Fruit

Comparing Mixtures and Compounds Substances in mixtures remain the same substances. Can be separated by physical means Proportions of different substances can vary from mixture to mixture. Compounds: Compounds are new substances formed by atoms that bond together. Can be separated only by breaking the bonds between atoms Proportions are fixed throughout

Parts of mixtures can be the same or different throughout It’s obvious that something is a mixture when you can see the different substances in it. Example: Soil This is known as a heterogenous mixture. Other mixtures you cannot see individual substances. Example: Sugar and water When substances are evenly spread throughout a mixture it is called a homogenous mixture Lets look at an example of each. The lemonade and water mixture is ________________. The chex mix is _________________.

Section 4 Objectives Describe the different states of matter. Describe how the different states of matter behave. Experiment with the behavior of different liquids.

States of Matter Ice, water, and water vapor are different states of water. States of matter are the different forms in which matter can exist. Can you name them? Solid, liquid, gas (35)

States of Matter The state of a substance depends on the space between its particles and on the way in which the particles move. Solid- is a substance that has a fixed volume and a fixed shape. The particles are close together and usually form a regular pattern. Particles can vibrate, but are fixed in one place. (36)

Solids Rigid/Fixed Shape Particles close together Regular Pattern Molecules can vibrate, but they cannot move from one part of the solid to another.

Snowflakes The water molecules in a snowflake are arranged in hexagonal shapes that are layered on top of one another. Snowflakes form with six sides or six points. Not all solids have regular shapes like ice. For example plastic & glass.

Liquids Examples: Water, milk, and oil Have fixed volume but does not have a fixed shape. (37) Take on the shape of the container it is in. Liquid particles are attracted to one another and are close together. Particles can move from one place to another. They move independently from each other.

Gases Examples: Air, helium in balloons, Carbon Dioxide Have no definite volume or shape. Can take the shape and volume of the container. (38) The molecules in a gas are very far apart compared to liquids and solids. The space between gas particles can increase or decrease with changes in temperature and pressure.

Gas Behavior Because gas molecules are always moving, they continually hit each other. This causes pressure against the container. The volume, pressure, and temperature of a gas are related to one another, and changing one can change the others. P. 33

Review What are some characteristics of the three familiar states of matter. How can you change the shape and volume of a liquid? How does gas behave inside a closed container.

Chapter 2: Properties of Matter Section 1

Objectives Describe physical & chemical properties. Give examples of physical changes. Explain that chemical changes form new substances. Observe signs of chemical changes in an experiment.

Physical Properties We use physical properties to describe an object or a person! How would you describe these objects?

Matter has observable properties Physical Properties the characteristics of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. (40) Your senses can be used to detect physical properties. Examples: Color, shape, size, texture, volume, mass.

How do you know which characteristics are physical properties? Just ask yourself whether observing the property involves changing the substance to a different substance.

Density Mass & Volume are two physical properties Density is a measure of the amount of matter present in a given volume of a substance. (43) Density= Mass D= m Volume V

Can you Determine??? How would you find the density of 200 g of clay with a volume of 100 cm3. Density is a property of a substance that remains the same no matter how much of a substance you have!

Density A glass marble has a volume of 5 cm3 and a mass of 13 g. What is the density of glass? Answer: D= 2.6 g/cm3

Physical Changes A change in any physical property of a substance, not in the substance itself. (44) Examples: Stretching a Rubber Band Ice melting

Chemical Properties

Up your nose….

Why is Lady Liberty’s nose so shiny? It needs to be powdered? NO! When Tori and Alex rub her nose, the oils on their skin remove the tarnish (a chemical reaction); revealing the untarnished alloy. Oils from their hands also protect the alloy from reacting with the air and forming more tarnish.

Chemical Properties The only true indication of a chemical Chemical Properties describe how substances can form new substances. (45 & 46) Examples: Combustibility Iron Rusting Silver Tarnishing Cooking (boiling Eggs) The only true indication of a chemical change is that a new substance has been formed.

Signs of a Chemical Change You may or may not be able to observe many chemical changes. If you observe 2 or more of these signs during a change, you are most likely observing a chemical change. (47) Production of an Odor Change in Temperature Change in Color Formation of Bubbles Formation of a Solid

Formation of an Odor Some chemical changes produce smells. The chemical change that occurs when an egg is rotting produces the smell of sulfur. Thunderstorms also produce an odor. The odor is an indication that lightning has caused a chemical change in the air.

Change in Temperature Chemical changes often are accompanied by a change in temperature. Example: Logs burning in a campfire

Change in Color A change in color is often an indicator of a chemical change. Example: Fruit may change color when it ripens.

Formation of Bubbles The formation of gas bubbles is another indicator that a chemical change may have occurred. Example: Antacid tablet in water

Formation of a Solid When two liquids combine, a solid called a precipitate can form. Examples: Shells of animals such as clams and mussels are precipitates. They are the result of a chemical change involving substances combining with substances from the creatures.

Review What is a Physical Change? Give an example. What is a Chemical Change? What is density? What is the formula? What are the signs of a Chemical Change?

Chapter 2 Opening Demonstration How are these two cans alike and different? If we put these two drinks in water would they float or sink??? Let’s Try!

Who is Right?? This will work for any regular and diet drink!

Chemical and Physical Change Chemical Change: -forms a new substance EX) burning wood, rusting iron, silver tarnishing Signs of Chemical Changes Production of odor Change in temperature Change in color Formation of bubble Formation of a soild Physical Change: -Change in physical properties -does not change the substance EX) water—freezes, boils, or melts Wool—Yarn

Chapter 2 Section 2 & 3 You Will Learn: How liquids can become solids, and solids can become liquids How liquids can become gases and gases become liquids How energy is related to changes in state How properties can help you identify substances

When matter changes from one state to another, the substance itself does not change. Water, Ice & water vapor are all the same basic substance

Changes in States Melting: solid becomes a liquid Melting Point: the lowest temperature at which a solid begins to melt Freezing: liquid becomes a solid Freezing Point: exact temperature at which a liquid turns to solid The freezing point of a substance is the same as the melting point For EX) Water=32ºF

Changes in State Evaporation: when a liquid becomes a gas Sublimation: when a solid becomes a gas

Changes in State Boiling: another way for a liquid to become a gas Boiling Point: temperature when a liquid converts to a gas Condensation: gas becomes a liquid

All of these properties are used to identify substances

Chapter 2.2 Vocab Words Melting Melting Point Freezing Freezing Point Evaporation Boiling Boiling Point Sublimation Condensation These are numbers 51-56 in your reading notes.