Teaching Today: An Introduction to Education 8th edition Part 1: The Changing Profession Chapter 1: How Is Education Changing? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Competing Views of Quality Education In general, Americans know that . . . Education is our society’s “essential” profession. The quality of education has a strong impact on our nation’s social, economic, and political health. Everyone has a vested interest in the level of quality in our schools. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Competing Views of Quality Education ... So, why are there so many views on what needs to be done to “make our schools better”? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Focus Questions Where are the roots (basic historical foundations) of education grounded? What are the realities teachers face each day? Why are the complexities of teaching more overwhelming than teaching? How do the changes in education, student populations, and the demand for accountability affect teacher’s work day? When should a professional development portfolio be developed? Who decides the requirements for teacher licensure in your state? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What are the Foundations? Social & Philosophical Historical Political Curriculum Instructional Legal Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Social & Philosophical Foundations of Education What is the good society and how should education contribute to that society? What should be taught? Who should be taught? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Historical Foundations of Education Where did current school practices and traditions come from; and are they still important? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Political Foundations of Education Who has the power to decide priorities? Who has the power to make decisions that will result in desired modifications? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Curricula Foundations of Education What is taught in schools? Why is it taught? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Instructional Foundations of Education What is good teaching? What is the balance between traditional instructional strategies and those based on recent research into how the brain operates and processes information? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Legal Foundations of Education What are the legal and ethical rights and responsibilities of teachers? What are the legal and ethical rights of learners? Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What Do Teachers Do all Day? Plan lessons Keep records and other administrative duties Supervise extra-curricula activities Participate on committees Perform professional group activities Communicate with parents Lunchroom or playground duties Special events Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Multidimensionality In Addition to Planning an Instructional Delivery the Teacher Must Diagnose Learning Difficulties Spot Misconceptions Monitor Learner Progress Make on-the-spot adjustments Respond to unexpected Events Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Multidimensionality (continued) In Addition to Planning an Instructional Delivery the Teacher Must Administer Standardized Tests Attend Meetings Keep Records Relate to Parents Work with Colleagues Create Instructional Materials Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Simultaneity Responding Immediately to Multiple Stimuli When standing before a class you must watch for indications of comprehension, interest, and attention You must listen to answers to spot misconceptions, signs of confusion and determine relevance While providing assistance to one learner, you must at the same time monitor the behavior of the rest of the class You must devise ways to keep students focused when dealing with interruptions Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Immediacy Prepare to Respond Immediately Be a Proactive Teacher. Remember your school days and think about the kinds of situations that might develop in the classroom and consider possible responses Role play with veteran teachers; ask for options to likely occurrences (inattention, noise, sleeping, fighting, cursing, cell phones, lateness, lack of homework, food, illness, injury, etc) Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Unpredictability Inconsistent patterns and unexpected events A teacher’s response to unpredicted events will vary with individual personality, philosophy, and general orientation to teaching. The person who is uncomfortable in situations that feature unpredictability, might want to consider a career other than teaching. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Publicness Observed by Others Students monitor every in-class action the instructor takes. Teacher actions will be observed and interpreted and have consequences beyond the immediate situation. Parents are welcome in the classroom and to make observations and interpretations. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

History Interactions over time Class culture Ongoing record of interactions between the teacher and students The manner in which the teacher relates to learners, plan instructions, and react to unpredictability Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Changes in Theories of Teaching and Learning Constructivism holds that the mind is always searching for patterns and attempting to resolve discrepancies ● Individuals create knowledge as they interact with the world around them. ● Construction of new knowledge is rooted in prior knowledge. ● The social and cultural contexts heavily influence what is constructed or learned. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Implications of Constructivism The conditions that best facilitate learning are described as learner-centered and problem-centered. Learners must be provided with complex, complete, and “authentic” problems. Learners need to be actively engaged in the learning process by seeking solutions and sharing ideas. Assessment procedures focus on how well students solve problems and explain what they have discovered and learned. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Multiple Intelligences Different Levels of Ability in individual Categories Logical-mathematical Linguistic Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist Existential Componential Experiential Contextual Emotional Implications— Avoid labels and vary instruction. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

PRAXIS Series of Tests Evaluating Individuals Preparing for Careers PRAXIS I consists of academic skills assessment, some institutions require their passing before being admitted to Teacher Education PRAXIS II assessments provide information about the teachers’ knowledge of the subjects to be taught, pedagogy, and teaching and learning principles. PRAXIS III is a classroom performance assessment that usually takes places during the first year of teaching. Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Disposition One Leadership Influence, Ability to Listen, Commitment to Growth of Others Listens attentively to others in a variety of contexts Perceives what to do to maintain good relations with others Recognizes and appreciates differences in abilities Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Disposition Two Attitudes Toward Learning, Initiative, Motivation and Responsibility Accepts consequences for personal actions or decisions Prioritizes work based on established goals Seeks clarification and/or assistance as needed Self-starter, identifies needs and attends to them immediately Able to identify and utilize various resources in different settings Works effectively with limited supervision Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Disposition Three Work Ethic Ability to Work with Others, Dependability, Enthusiasm Attends class regularly Exhibits punctuality Exceptional quality of work Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Disposition Four Verbal and Written Expression Articulates clearly Verbally Expressive Organizes and clearly expresses ideas in writing Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Disposition Five Respectful Characteristics Empathy, Respect for Rights and Opinions of Others, Integrity Demonstrates truthfulness and trustworthiness Gives credit to others when using their work Communicates without intent to deceive Demonstrates an understanding, awareness, and sensitivity to the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of others Demonstrates consideration and regard for the values of others Engages in deliberate discourse to resolve issues Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Disposition Six Physical Appearance and Emotional Stability Demonstrates good personal hygiene Dresses appropriately for the situation Demonstrates situational appropriate behavior Maintains emotional control with regard to: Using appropriate tone of voice Using appropriate non-verbal expressions Responding to situations professionally Accepting feedback from others Adapting appropriately to new or unexpected situations Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Professional-Development Portfolios Include Introduction Table of Contents Critical information Reflections Sample lesson plans Summary comments See “For Your Initial- Development Portfolio” sections at the end of each chapter in the text Teaching Today, 8e Armstrong, Henson and Savage Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved