Nationalism in India Cindy Kim

Indian Nationalism Grows Started developing after mid 1800s Rich Indians attended British schools. They learned the views of British on nationalism and also democracy. From learning they started to apply this to their own country and tried to become independent from British rule. Indian National Congress, Congress Party, and Muslim league were made in India to get rid of British. Muslim and Hindus had some conflicts before but they had same thoughts on the British rule and idea of democratic. Therefore, they started to work together towards the goal of gaining the independence from British.

World War 1 Heightens Nationalist Activity Indians - interest in nationalism when they were fighting for the British army in WW1. British – promised India to let it have its self government When the war was coming to the end, Indians claimed for rights and self government = political reforms = Indians achieving their goal Even after the war ended in 1918, the British didn’t make the promise and treated Indians as second class citizens.  Indians started to protest violently. Then, British passed the law, Rowlatt Act allowing the government to jail protestors without any trial for as long as 2 years.

Amritsar Massacre Indians - festivals, listen to political speeches and pray with the nationalists British - alarmed by the alliance between the Muslims and the Hindus. People at the gathering - not aware that British had banned public meetings. British commander at ‘Amritsar = the capital city of the Punjab’ started attacking on the crowd without any warnings. He thought Indians were rebelling against this law. 10 minutes - 400 Indians died, 1200 injured Result = millions of Indians changed from being loyal to British to nationalists. Demanded for independence.

Nationalism Spreads to Southwest Asia Peter Lee

Turkey Becomes a Republic In the end of World War I, all that was left of Turkey was Anatolia, the Turkish homeland, and a little land around Istanbul. In 1919, the Greeks invaded Ottoman Empire and was about to conquer the Ottoman Empire. The sultan was weak and powerless against the attacks. In 1922, a brilliant commander Mustafa Kemal took overthrew the sultan and established the Republic of Turkey.

How Turkey Became a Republic British took over Ottoman government and used indirect rule. Kemal said the real government was the Republic Committee of Ankara. The Soviet Union (Russia) supplied the nationalists with weapons, and Kemal formed an organized army. Fought wars on every side of Turkey. From north came the Greeks. From south came the Italians and French. From west came the Greeks and British. From east came the Armenians and British.

Mustafa Kemal Atakur http://p.vtourist.com/1715724-Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk-Ankara_Ili.jpg

Kemal’s Presidency Became the first president of the Republic of Turkey. The Republic of Turkey was the first republic in Southwest Asia. He wanted to change Turkey so that it could be more modernized. Differentiated Islam laws and national laws. Created laws based on European law and abolished the old Islamic one.

Persia Becomes Iran Before World War I, Britain and Russia had been the main influences of Persia. But after World War I, Britain tried to take over Persia. Persian nationalists got mad and revolted. A Persian army officer got into power and got rid of the old ruler. Reza Shah Pahlavi, the new ruler, set out to modernize Persia. Public schools. Roads. Railroads. Industrial Growth. Women’s Rights. But kept all power for himself. In 1935, changed country name from Persia to Iran.

Reza Shah Pahlavi http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ill/pahlavi2.jpg

Saudi Arabia Keeps Islamic Traditions In 1902, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud unified Arabia. Renamed new country Saudi Arabia, after his ancient family’s name. Ibn Saud was a strict supporter of old Islamic traditions. No alcohol. All old Islamic rules apply. Some modernization: telephones, radios.

Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud http://www.biologie.de/w/images/thumb/7/7f/180px-Abd_Al-Aziz_ibn_Saud1927.jpg

Oil Resources There was a rising demand for oil and petroleum products from industrialized countries. Huge quantities of oil were found in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait.

Conclusion The nationalism in Southwestern Asia shows how powerful a force nationalism could be. It gives people so much pride and determination that people give up their lives and kill for their pride for their home country. This section also shows that as time passes by, the rules in the world change and if a country wants to succeed, it must adapt so that it can be more successful.

Citations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Independence_War#Jurisdictional_Conflict_.28March_1920_-_March_1922.29