Cellular Respiration Critical Question: How does cellular respiration relate to the creation of alcohol in beer and thickness in yogurt? ATP 2009-2010

Photosynthesis occurs in the Chloroplast Cellular Respiration occurs in the Mitochondria

All LIVING organisms need energy! Organisms get energy directly or indirectly from sunlight in photosynthesis Cellular respiration is the process of using energy

Organisms that create their own food from sunlight Autotrophs Organisms that obtain energy by consuming autotrophs or other consumers are Heterotrophs 2006-2007

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration = Process done by mitochondria in cells in which they gain energy from glucose (by breaking down food molecules) and release its stored energy CO2 + H2O + heat fuel (carbohydrates) O2 You burn fuel in many small steps Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water ATP food (carbohydrates) O2 ATP + CO2 + H2O (+ heat)

Energy needs of life Animals are energy consumers What do we need energy for? synthesis (building for growth) reproduction active transport movement temperature control (making heat) Which is to say… if you don’t eat, you die… because you run out of energy. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics takes over!

Where do we get energy? ATP Energy is stored in food molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins Animals eat these organic molecules  food digest food to get: fuel for energy (ATP) raw materials for building more molecules ATP We eat to take in the fuels to make ATP which will then be used to help us build biomolecules and grow and move and… live! heterotrophs = “fed by others” vs. autotrophs = “self-feeders”

Adenosine TriPhosphate Get out your spiral What is energy in biology? ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate Whoa! HOT stuff! 2009-2010

Harvesting energy stored in food ATP Aerobic (with oxygen) Cellular respiration = food O2 glucose + oxygen  energy + carbon + water dioxide Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6CO2 6H2O  +

Using ATP to do work? Cells Can’t store ATP ATP It’s too unstable ATP is short term energy carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage Adenosine TriPhosphate work Adenosine DiPhosphate ADP energy energy A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen!

What if oxygen is missing? No oxygen available = can’t complete aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Known as fermentation alcohol fermentation (yeast) lactic acid fermentation (animals) Bacteria use anaerobic No mitochondria (prokaryotic) yeast bacteria

Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation yeast alcohol fermentation glucose  ATP + CO2+ alcohol make beer, wine, bread bacteria, animals lactic acid fermentation glucose  ATP + lactic acid Bacteria (eat milk) make yogurt animals feel muscle fatigue How it’s made: Beer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LUuAF8WO-c After heating the milk, they quickly reduce the temperature to about 112 degrees (44 degrees Celsius). Next comes the bacteria! This might sound gross, but these kinds of bacteria are not the kinds that make you sick. The bacteria used in yogurt actually give it a tangy flavor. The species of bacteria used in yogurt are Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. These species eat the sugars in milk. As the bacteria eat milk sugars, the bacteria produce something called lactic acid. Lactic acid makes milk proteins curdle. Thanks to the bacteria, the milk becomes thick yogurt. The lactic acid also gives yogurt a tart, tangy flavor. As an added bonus, most harmful bacteria can’t survive around high levels of lactic acid. That means the bacteria that give yogurt its tangy flavor can also keep yogurt safe to eat. Tastes good… but not enough energy for me!

The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.

Overall Process’ Goal is to make ATP Digestion! (biomolecules transported into blood stream and into surrounded tissue cells) Cellular Respiration Steps: 3 stages Glycolysis (2 phases) in cytoplasm Energy investment phase – 2 ATP Splits 6 carbon molecules into two 3 carbon molecules Energy harvesting phase Glycolysis creates – 2 ATP Molecules 2 Pyruvate & 2 NADH pyruvate NADH

Depending on your efficiency When Oxygen is Present The molecules enter the mitochondria Cellular Respiration Begins (Aerobic) 2. Kreb Cycle (inner mitochondria membrane) 3. Electron Transport Chain In/out of inner folds of the mitochondria NADH ATP NADH ATP NADH NADH FADH2 FADH2 ATP NADH ATP NADH NADH NADH 32-36 ATP Depending on your efficiency ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP

energy from glycolysis 3 Stages: Glycolysis Kreb Cycle Electron Transport Chain 6H O 2 6CO 6O mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 4 3 and Electron Transport

Different energy outputs for different Biomolecules Fat produces 80 percent of the energy in your body about 146 ATP (energy molecules) from a triglyceride Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP. amino acids not usually needed for energy about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight. In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules. similar to photosynthesis uses chemical energy instead of light energy