1.2 The Scientific Investigation Introduction to BIOL GY by Mdm. Suminah Samsolmoharip (kolej datu patinggi abang haji abdillah, kuching suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation What is Biology? It is derived from 2 Greek words : It’s a scientific study Bios logos “Life” “Study” Biology is the organized study of life & living things, & their interactions with one another and their natural environment. Living things are known as organisms The word “Biology” originates from the Greek words “bios” means “life” and “logos” means “study”. Hence, BIOLOGY IS STUDY OF LIFE. Biology is … The study of life or living things suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation The importance of Biology Improved understanding on functions of organisms. Improved understanding on causes of disease. Finding treatment for diseases. Improved understanding on ecology. Better management on environment problems. Improved quality and production of food. The study of living organisms & their living processes enables us to have a better understanding about life on Earth. We will be able to appreciate the many diverse species & understand how each species fits into the dynamic pattern of life on Earth. BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH, which is a very important aspect of Biology, has brought about many benefits to our lives & the environment. Some of these include A better understanding of how human body functions & finding cure for diseases Saving animal & plant species which are facing extinction & a better management of problems related to the environment (a) The application of biological knowledge & principles has brought major developments in the fields of biotechnology, genetic engineering, and food technology. (b) These developments have contributed to advances in the fields of medicine, agriculture and industry. (c) In the field of genetic engineering, studies carried out on genes & chromosomes help scientists identify genes that cause diseases. With the advance in DNA technology, medical experts believe that genetic diseases can be treated with gene therapy. suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation Cytology Anatomy Microbiology Taxonomy Zoology Botany Morphology Biochemistry Main Group of Living Things Structure & Function of Living Organisms Physiology Fields of Biology Study Living Things & Their Environment Embryology Genetic Ecology Science Biogeography Changes & development Paleontology Applied Biology Biology is a wide field of study & is divided into numerus disciplines or branches. Biotechnology Pharmacy Medicine Veterinary Biomedicine suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Job or Careers Related to Biology 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Job or Careers Related to Biology The following are all biologist in different ways: Doctors Biotechnologists Nurses Forensic Scientists Dentists Nutritionists Physiotherapists Farmers Veterinarians Horticulturalists & Foresters suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation The levels of organisation in an organism. Biosphere Sub-atomic particles Ecosystem Community Atoms Population Molecules Species Organelles Multicellular organisms Cells systems Tissues Organs suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation Vocabulary Review suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation Study of life BIOLOGY suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

High degree of internal & external order in living things 1.2 The Scientific Investigation High degree of internal & external order in living things ORGANIZATION suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Composed of only one cell 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Composed of only one cell UNICELLULAR suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Composed of more than one cell 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Composed of more than one cell MULTICELLULAR suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation Smallest unit of life CELL suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Group of specialized cells working together 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Group of specialized cells working together TISSUE suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Tissues working together to do a job such as the heart or lungs 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Tissues working together to do a job such as the heart or lungs ORGANS suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Tiny structures inside a cell that do different jobs 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Tiny structures inside a cell that do different jobs ORGANELLES suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Chemical compounds that make up organelles 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Chemical compounds that make up organelles BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

An individual living thing 1.2 The Scientific Investigation An individual living thing ORGANISM suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation A physical or chemical change in the environment an organism can respond to STIMULUS suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

The response of the pupils of the eye when shown a bright light 1.2 The Scientific Investigation The response of the pupils of the eye when shown a bright light DILATION suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Stable internal conditions of an organism 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Stable internal conditions of an organism HOMEOSTASIS suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

What would happen to an organism that didn’t maintain homeostasis 1.2 The Scientific Investigation What would happen to an organism that didn’t maintain homeostasis DEATH suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Required by all living things to power their life processes 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Required by all living things to power their life processes ENERGY suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism METABOLISM suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Process of capturing and storing light energy in the bonds of sugars 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Process of capturing and storing light energy in the bonds of sugars PHOTOSYNTHESIS suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Increase in size of an organism 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Increase in size of an organism GROWTH suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Formation of new cells from existing cells 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Formation of new cells from existing cells CELL DIVISION suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

The main change that follows cell division in a unicellular organism 1.2 The Scientific Investigation The main change that follows cell division in a unicellular organism ENLARGEMENT suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Process by which an organism becomes a mature adult 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Process by which an organism becomes a mature adult DEVELOPMENT suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Cells specializing by taking on different shapes and functions 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Cells specializing by taking on different shapes and functions DIFFERENTIATION suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Organisms producing new organisms like themselves 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Organisms producing new organisms like themselves REPRODUCTION suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Reproduction of organisms must occur for this to be true for a species 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Reproduction of organisms must occur for this to be true for a species SURVIVAL suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Large molecule containing the hereditary information of a cell 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Large molecule containing the hereditary information of a cell DNA suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Instructions for a single trait on DNA 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Instructions for a single trait on DNA GENE suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Reproduction that recombines hereditary information from two organisms 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Reproduction that recombines hereditary information from two organisms SEXUAL suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation Reproduction where the new individual is genetically identical to the original ASEXUAL suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation The ability of a population of organisms to change over long periods of time EVOLUTION suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

The variety of life that exists 1.2 The Scientific Investigation The variety of life that exists DIVERSITY suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Three major divisions of all life 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Three major divisions of all life DOMAINS suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi are examples 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi are examples KINGDOMS suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Organisms interacting with each other and their environment 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Organisms interacting with each other and their environment ECOLOGY suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Communities of living organisms and their physical environment 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Communities of living organisms and their physical environment ECOSYSTEM suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Main byproduct of animals that is used by plants 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Main byproduct of animals that is used by plants CARBON DIOXIDE suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Descent with modification 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Descent with modification EVOLUTION suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Theory that organisms with favorable traits are better able to survive 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Theory that organisms with favorable traits are better able to survive NATURAL SELECTION suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Traits that improve an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Traits that improve an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce ADAPTATIONS suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation An organized approach used by scientists to learn how the natural world works SCIENTIFIC METHOD suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

The act of perceiving the natural world 1.2 The Scientific Investigation The act of perceiving the natural world OBSERVATION suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation Formed from observations to propose an explanation for the way things work in the natural world HYPOTHESIS suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation Test of a hypothesis EXPERIMENT suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Information gathered in an experiment 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Information gathered in an experiment DATA suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Provides a standard for comparison in an experiment 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Provides a standard for comparison in an experiment CONTROL suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

The one thing that a scientist allows to change in an experiment 1.2 The Scientific Investigation The one thing that a scientist allows to change in an experiment VARIABLE suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation Highly tested, generally accepted principle that explains several observations THEORY suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Scientific experts who critique another scientist’s work 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Scientific experts who critique another scientist’s work PEER REVIEW suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

1.2 The Scientific Investigation Biologist employ the scientific method to make certain discoveries about living things. The scientific method requires the use of scientific skills which are science process skills and manipulative skills. SPS MANIPULATIVE SKILLS Observing, classifying, inferring, interpreting data, controlling variables Psychomotor skills required to carry out a successful scientific investigation. suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

Scientifics Investigation 1.2 The Scientific Investigation Scientifics Investigation Defining the problem Making hypothesis Planning the experiment Controlling variables Conducting the experiment Recording the results Analysing the results Interpreting the data Drawing conclusion Prepare the report The Scientific Method: Biologists employ the scientific method to make important discoveries about life. The scientific method is the process of gathering facts based on an observation or phenomenon. suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

IDENTIFYING A PROBLEM All scientific investigation begin with an observation of a specific phenomenon. Based on the observation made, problem statements are formulated, for example, “How did this happen?” or “Why is this happening?” An inference, which is a logical conclusion or possible interpretation based on the observation, is made (not necessarily a fact)

MAKING A HYPOTHESIS General statement about or a possible explanation for an observation. The validity of the hypothesis has not been proven yet. It is used as a basis for further explanation. A hypothesis provides a clear link between manipulated variable (MV) & a Responding Variable (RV). (can be tested by conducting an experiments). The experiments carried out produce results that either accept or reject the hypothesis & a conclusion is reached about its validity.

Planning the investigation Gathering the relevant information about or preparing the scientific background of an experiment Determining the apparatus & materials needed. Identifying the variable that influence the results of the experiment. Determining the procedures involved in the experiment Determining the observations to be made & measurements to be taken.

Identifying & controlling variables MV

Identifying & controlling variables RV

Identifying & controlling variables CV

1.2 The Scientific Investigation 3 types of variables that are encountered in an experiment. Manipulated variable An independent variable, which is set at different values, to test a hypothesis. fixed variable A parameter that may affect the outcome of an experiment should be kept constant throughout the experiment. Responding variable A dependent variable, which is the outcome of an experiment, due to changes in manipulative variable. suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4

CONDUCTING EXPERIMENT When conducting experiment, the apparatus, materials & specimens used must be handled correctly & safely. All variables must be determined and all observations must be made accurately and objectively.

CONDUCTING EXPERIMENT The experimental design should include a control experiment for comparison A control experiment similar in every aspect to the test experiment except that the manipulated variable is kept constant.

CONDUCTING EXPERIMENT After each experiment, the apparatus used must be cleaned according to the correct procedures and techniques, and returned to the right places All the unwanted materials must be discarded in a proper manner

CONDUCTING EXPERIMENT A quantitative experiment is often repeated three times to obtain a more precise & reliable average or mean reading

COLLECTING DATA The results of an experiment are referred to as the data. During the experiment, data are obtained by means of observation and measurement (accurate) Accuracy is an important aspect of data collection.

Recording data Data can be presented in the form of tables, graphs, charts or diagrams. Table (Quantity measured & its unit) ; (Manipulated variable ; First column) & (Responding Variable ; Second column). Graph (Manipulated variable :x-axis) & (Responding Variable (y-axis)

Recording data Simple drawing (observed under microscope or dissected sample) – important to label the various parts & give each drawing a tittle.

The typical format for the report of an experiment. 1.2 The Scientific Investigation The typical format for the report of an experiment. Title Objective Hypothesis, Variables Materials and Apparatus Technique Procedure Results Data analysis Discussion Conclusion suminahmoharip_kolejDPAH Abdillah_2016_F4