KEY OBJECTIVES AND THEIR LOCATION IN THE NEGOTIATIONS Development and Sustainability in the WTO Fishery Subsidies Negotiations: Issues and Alternatives Session 1: KEY OBJECTIVES AND THEIR LOCATION IN THE NEGOTIATIONS David K. Schorr 11 May 2006, 9h00-18h00 International Environment House 1, Room 3 13 chemin des Anémones, Geneva, Switzerland

“What are we here to talk about . . . ?”

Special & Differential Article 27 Patently at Risk Market Integration de minimis Competition phase in Artisanal Fishing Food Security Development Sustainability Subsistence Special & Differential Treatment Growth Infant Industry Livelihoods Rural Communities Access Agreements phase out INTERESTS POLICIES PROGRAMMES RULES

Special & Differential Article 27 Patently at Risk CONTEXTS? Market Integration de minimis Competition phase in Artisanal Fishing Food Security Development Sustainability Subsistence IN COMMON?? IN TENSION?? Special & Differential Treatment Growth Infant Industry Livelihoods Rural Communities Access Agreements phase out INTERESTS POLICIES PROGRAMMES RULES

Note: this data, from Thorpe (FAO 2005) is presented to illustrate the diversity of national contexts only; no endorsement of the data or analysis is intended

Note: this data from Thorpe (FAO 2005) is presented to illustrate the diversity of national contexts only; no endorsement of the data or analysis is intended

Note: this data, from Thorpe (FAO 2005) is presented to illustrate the diversity of national contexts only; no endorsement of the data or analysis is intended

Note: this data from Thorpe (FAO 2005) is presented to illustrate the diversity of national contexts only; no endorsement of the data or analysis is intended

Note: this data, from Thorpe (FAO 2005) is presented to illustrate the diversity of national contexts only; no endorsement of the data or analysis is intended

CONTEXTS?

INTERESTS? IN COMMON?? IN TENSION?? . . . Clearly both . . . but: General strategic interests at WTO seem shared more than different contexts might imply . . . The tensions that do exist are not always international . . . But often raise questions of domestic policy coherence

General Interests WHAT? HOW? LIVELIHOODS ACCESS . . . TO: SOCIAL SAFETY NET CAPITAL | TECHNOLOGY | MARKETS EMPLOYMENT . . . AND RESOURCES (FISHERIES) FOOD SECURITY DEVELOPMENT PREFERENTIAL COMPETITION

General Interests WHAT? HOW? LIVELIHOODS ACCESS . . . TO: SOCIAL SAFETY NET CAPITAL | TECHNOLOGY | MARKETS EMPLOYMENT . . . AND RESOURCES (FISHERIES) FOOD SECURITY DEVELOPMENT COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE (OR REMOVAL OF DISADVANGAGES!) These basic interests seem widely shared . . . . . . but their programmatic implications vary substantially per context and policy preferences

General Interests WHAT? HOW? LIVELIHOODS ACCESS . . . TO: SOCIAL SAFETY NET CAPITAL | TECHNOLOGY | MARKETS EMPLOYMENT . . . AND RESOURCES (FISHERIES) FOOD SECURITY DEVELOPMENT COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE (OR REMOVAL OF DISADVANGAGES!) These basic interests seem widely shared . . . . . . but their programmatic implications vary substantially per context and policy preferences

social safety nets may aim to smooth very different transitions These basic interests seem widely shared . . . . . . but their programmatic implications vary substantially per context and policy preferences For example: access arrangements: may be part of a fisheries industry development strategy . . . or not! social safety nets may aim to smooth very different transitions . . . e.g., to a smaller industry or a larger one . . . from labor to capital intensive . . . from domestic to international markets

Another good example . . . the discussion of “Artisanal Fishing” These basic interests seem widely shared . . . . . . but their programmatic implications vary substantially per context and policy preferences Another good example . . . the discussion of “Artisanal Fishing” (see UNEP paper)

Definitional Elements Table 1 — Elements of a Definition of “Artisanal Fishing” Category Definitional Elements Typical Examples Physical Attributes Vessel type Canoe, dory Vessel size Short (e.g., < 10m); light Vessel motor Unmotorized or small engine Pattern of Fishing Fishing gear/technique Manual or small nets; passive; low tech Location of land base Rural Location of fishery In-shore Target type Multi-species Social Structure Of fishery Traditional (clan or community) Of fishing enterprise Family crew, owner on board Economic Condition Market orientation Direct consumption or local market Income level Subsistence or very poor Based on Schorr, Artisanal Fishing: Promoting Poverty Reduction and Community Development Through New WTO Rules on Fisheries Subsidies (UNEP 2006)

Definitional Elements Table 1 — Elements of a Definition of “Artisanal Fishing” Category Definitional Elements Typical Examples Physical Attributes Vessel type Canoe, dory . . . or a trawler . . . Vessel size Short (e.g., < 10m); light . . . or big . . . Vessel motor Unmotorized or small engine …or powerful … Pattern of Fishing Fishing gear/technique Manual or small nets; passive; low tech . . . or using GSP, winches, sonor . . . Location of land base Rural . . . or city-based . . . Location of fishery In-shore . . . or off-shore . . . Target type Multi-species . . . or single species . . . Social Structure Of fishery Traditional (clan or community) . . . or corporate . . . Of fishing enterprise Family crew, owner on board . . . Economic Condition Market orientation Direct consumption or local market . . . Income level Subsistence or very poor . . .

Definitional Elements “Industrial Artisanal Fishing”?? Table 1 — Elements of a Definition of “Artisanal Fishing” Category Definitional Elements Typical Examples Physical Attributes Vessel type Canoe, dory . . . or a trawler . . . Vessel size Short (e.g., < 10m); light . . . or big . . . Vessel motor Unmotorized or small engine …or powerful … Pattern of Fishing Fishing gear/technique Manual or small nets; passive; low tech . . . or using GSP, winches, sonor . . . Location of land base Rural . . . or city-based . . . Location of fishery In-shore . . . or off-shore . . . Target type Multi-species . . . or single species . . . Social Structure Of fishery Traditional (clan or community) . . . or corporate . . . Of fishing enterprise Family crew, owner on board . . . Economic Condition Market orientation Direct consumption or local market . . . Income level Subsistence or very poor . . . “Industrial Artisanal Fishing”??

INTERESTS? IN COMMON?? IN TENSION?? . . . Clearly both . . . but: General strategic interests at WTO seem shared more than different contexts might imply . . . The tensions that do exist are not always international . . . But often raise questions of domestic policy coherence

Challenges to Policy Coherence OFFENSIVE / DEFENSIVE TRADE POLICY GOALS Seeking “preferential competition” AND an even playing field? (including where S-S competition matters) DEVELOPMENT (GROWTH) + SUSTAINABILITY

Challenges to Policy Coherence OFFENSIVE / DEFENSIVE TRADE POLICY GOALS Seeking “preferential competition” AND an even playing field? (including where S-S competition matters) DEVELOPMENT (GROWTH) + SUSTAINABILITY (especially if industrialization and/or industry growth is desired)

SO WHAT??

The task we face . . . = DRAFTING RULES So far, concrete proposals on developing country interests have been relatively few, and often vague The technical discussion has floated among several rule elements: S&DT “Artisanal Fishing” (and small scale?) Access agreements (definition of a subsidy) Diverse interests have been reflected in a common and imprecise vocabulary. THE BIG CHALLENGE = STRIKING THE RIGHT BALANCE

The task we face . . . = DRAFTING RULES So far, concrete proposals on developing country interests have been relatively few, and mostly vague The technical discussion has floated among several rule elements: S&DT “Artisanal Fishing” (and small scale?) Access agreements (definition of a subsidy) Diverse interests have been reflected in a common and imprecise vocabulary. THE BIG CHALLENGE = STRIKING THE RIGHT BALANCE

THE BIG CHALLENGE = STRIKING THE RIGHT BALANCE . . . which requires a careful articulation of what is at stake . . . . . . THUS . . . this workshop invites delegations to work from interests to text, rather than reacting to text based on interests . . . . . . And so, this first session opens with the questions: What are the specific development and sustainability objectives of governments in these negotiations? What kind of programmes or policies are currently in place, or are envisioned for the future, to meet these objectives? Specific examples? What are the key technical questions that most need answering in order to achieve the desired outcome?

Thanks for your attention!!