Option B.1- Understandings, Applications and Skills

Essential Idea - Modified Microorganisms used in Industrial Processes Why? They are small - single-celled, like bacteria and yeast They reproduce rapidly - bacteria divide by fission every 30 minutes As a group, they have very diverse metabolisms - (see next four slides) If you start with 100 cells at time 0, how many cells will you have in 30 min? 60 min? 90 min?

Photoautotroph - photosynthetic bacteria Use sunlight for energy and CO2 for carbon source (can “fix” free C into bonded C - by the process of photosyn- thesis)

Photoheterotroph - Purple Bacteria Uses sunlight for energy and organic* compounds for carbon source * organic compounds defined as?

Chemoautotroph - Sulfur Bacteria, Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Use inorganic* compounds, like H2S, for energy (chemosynthesis) and CO2 as carbon source * inorganic compounds defined as?

Chemoheterotrophs - fungi, protozoa, bacteria Use organic molecules from biotic sources for energy as well as for a carbon source how does this fungus on an orange challenge the idea of “microscopic”? time lapse videos - Winogradsky Panels

Products made from microorganisms How are these different from foods made by plants or animals?

Pathway Engineering What are some natural biochemical pathways we have studied already? In pathway, or metabolic engineering, internal genetic or regulatory processes are controlled to increase the production of a particular chemical from the cell. Kechun Zhang, Univ Minn

Metabolites of Interest an example: why bacteria and yeast? what else has been made?

Better source for malaria drug, Artemisinic Acid What had previously only been available from wormwood plants, via an unstable and lengthy process can now be made in one-fifth the time in yeast. The enzymes in the pathway below are from plant genes, moved into yeast.

Large Scale Fermentation* What kind of probes? Why? - to maintain optimal conditions for growth * how is fermentation related to respiration?

Deep tank fermentation of Penicillium Penicillium mold only makes penicillin when the fungus is stressed/starved. This is called a secondary metabolite. Because of this, a starter culture has to be grown, initially with glucose*, and then the culture is moved to the batch culture without glucose and the mold makes the secondary metabolite for survival. *what is the primary metabolite, the product of glycolysis? also provided by fermenter: pH 6.5 by NaOH cooling water jacket oxygen (aerobic process)

Production of Citric Acid - continuous culture Previously extracted from citrus fruit, which became less available during WWI. A new source was discovered soon after that with the fungus Aspergillus niger and molasses as a carbon source. A continuous culture allows a steady state of growth and higher production of citric acid.

Biogas production by archeans* and bacteria No sun? No wind? No problem. A series of processes are involved: Because the methanogen in anaerobic Added benefits - high quality odorless, weedless fertilizer is a by-product and consumption of methane reduces greenhouse gas levels *what feature of the archaeabacteria separates them from the eubacteria?

Gram Staining of Bacteria A method identifying different classes of bacteria A method identifying different classes of bacteria, based on the structure of their cell walls. Those bacteria with an extra layer of lipid do not stain positive and are often toxic to their hosts.