Effects of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng), urushiol (Rhus vernicifera Stokes), and probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and Lactobacillus acidophilus.

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Effects of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng), urushiol (Rhus vernicifera Stokes), and probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and Lactobacillus acidophilus R0052) on the gut–liver axis of alcoholic liver disease Chang Seok Bang, So Hyung Hong, Ki Tae Suk, Jin Bong Kim, Sang Hak Han, Hotaik Sung, Eun Ji Kim, Myoung Jo Kim, Moon Young Kim, Soon Koo Baik, Dong Joon Kim Journal of Ginseng Research Volume 38, Issue 3, Pages 167-172 (July 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.04.002 Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Study design. n, number; KRG, Korean Red Ginseng. Journal of Ginseng Research 2014 38, 167-172DOI: (10.1016/j.jgr.2014.04.002) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 TNF-α of liver tissue in the KRG group is significantly lower than that in the alcohol group. IL-1β levels of liver tissue in the probiotics and KRG groups are decreased compared with that in the alcohol group. *p < 0.05. IL, interleukin; KRG, Korean Red Ginseng; TNF, tumor necrosis factor. Journal of Ginseng Research 2014 38, 167-172DOI: (10.1016/j.jgr.2014.04.002) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 TLR-4 levels of liver tissue are lower in the probiotics, KRG, and urushiol groups, compared to those in the alcohol group. TLR-4 and GAPDH antibodies are detected as single bands at 95 kDa and 37 kDa, respectively. *p < 0.05. KRG, Korean Red Ginseng; TLR-4, toll-like receptor-4. Journal of Ginseng Research 2014 38, 167-172DOI: (10.1016/j.jgr.2014.04.002) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Pathological findings. (A) Normal, (B) alcohol, (C) control, (D) KRG, (E) urushiol, (F) and probiotics groups demonstrate various steatosis grades (arrow: steatosis; hematoxylin and eosin stain). Steatosis grade in the alcohol group is higher than that of the normal group (p < 0.01). Steatosis grade in the KRG and urushiol groups is lower than that of the alcohol group (p < 0.05). KRG, Korean Red Ginseng. Journal of Ginseng Research 2014 38, 167-172DOI: (10.1016/j.jgr.2014.04.002) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions