La Guerre Froide

Causes 1-7 1. Idéologies concurrentes 2. La Révolution Russe 1917 3. Le Pacte Nazi- Soviétique DGM août 1939 4. Le délai de l’ouverture du deuxième font 5. Les Conférences Yalta & Potsdam – 1945 6. La Bombe Atomique 7. L’Europe d’Est

Causes 8-15 8. Les Discours de deux Camps 9.Le discours Rideau de fer 10. Division en Allemagne 11. La Doctrine de Truman 12. Le Plan de Marshall 13. Blocus de Berlin 14. La bombe Atomique de L’URSS 15. Les Alliances Rivales

How did tensions between the Soviet Union & the United States influence and shape global events?

Defining The Cold War 1945 -1991 Competitive ideological struggle between the superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union Called a cold war because no direct armed conflict occurred between the two Fought their battles through various countries across the globe in Asia, the Americas, & Africa

What is a Superpower? A country with superior technological, economic, and military strength Has the ability to dictate & control international events to suit its own interests Used in 1944 to describe the US and SU

Causes of the Cold War Competing Ideologies Soviet Union – Communist One Party State US – Capitalist Democracy Both made it clear they wanted to spread their beliefs and influence around the world.

2. The Russian Revolution 1917 February 1917 – Tsar Nicholas II overthrown in revolution by the people - elections planned, but never happened October Revolution 1917 - Lenin’s Bolshevik party seized power and established a Communist state Lenin abolished private property, nationalized key industries & banks, suppressed religion, banned political parties, limited freedom of speech US sent troops during the Russian Civil War (1918-1921) to help restore Tsar - Communists victorious and Tsar and family executed Established the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics in 1922 (USSR) - US refused to formally recognize the SU until 1933

3. WWII Nazi-Soviet Pact - August 1939 Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler – to last 10 years Secretly agreed to attack and divide Poland between them (occurred Sept. 1939) Lasted until June 1941 – when Nazis attacked SU in Operation Barbarossa

4. The Second Front Delay After joining the Allies in 1942, Stalin pushed US & Britain to open a 2nd front Did not occur until June 1944 – Stalin suspicious Allies wanted Nazis to kill as many Soviets as possible (80% of Nazis Military resources thrown at SU) Catastrophic losses – Stalingrad 99% of city destroyed, 2 million deaths Nazis withdrew after 200 days – turning point in the war for the Allies

5. Yalta & Potsdam Conferences - 1945 US and SU disagreements over the fate of Germany, Poland & Eastern Europe Stalin’s aims: sphere of influence for security - keep territory in Poland, Finland & Romania, establish pro-Soviet governments in Eastern Europe, weaken Germany through harsh reparations US aims: curtail Soviet expansion, rebuild Germany & Eastern Europe to ensure future economic prosperity

6. Atomic Bomb SU not included in the Manhattan Project Stalin saw it as a future warning to the SU of America’s power.

7. Eastern Europe At the end of WWII, Soviet troops remained in the Eastern European countries it had freed from the Nazis Stalin “influenced” the set up pro Soviet Communist governments in East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria Goal: create a buffer zone to protect the SU from future attacks (Satellite states) US - policy of containment and domino theory

8. Two Camps Speech Feb. 1946 – USSR declared the world was now divided into two hostile camps of Communism and Capitalism

9. Iron Curtain Speech Mar 9. Iron Curtain Speech Mar. 1946 – Winston Churchill declared an “Iron Curtain” had fallen across Europe seperating the free people of Western Europe and “the enslaved” people of Soviet controlled Eastern Europe Stalin accused the West of wanting to “rule over the remaining nations of the world.”

10. Divisions in Germany After Nazi defeat, Germany and capital city Berlin were divided between the Allies West Germany and West Berlin were temporarily divided into zones, each one controlled by the British, French, and Americans East Germany and East Berlin were controlled by the SU West Germany received aid to rebuild and held free elections in 1949 East Germany left in poverty and under the control of the SU until 1989

11. Truman Doctrine 1947 – President Truman promised the US would fight the spread of communism and Soviet influence anywhere in the world Financial and military help Civil war in Greece was the first test case – US provided $400 million in aid to defeat the communists Soviets saw it as a declaration of war against Communism

12. Marshall Plan 1947 – US offered economic aid ($13 billion) to all countries rebuilding after the war Stalin refused any help for SU or Eastern Europe - saw it as America spreading their ideology

13. Berlin Blockade June 1948 – Soviets blockaded West Berlin to protest the creation of a new West Germany currency Saw this move as American & capitalist meddling Blocked all road and railway access through East Germany Electricity in West Berlin was cut Stalin wanted all of Berlin

14. SU Atomic Bomb Test 1949 – SU detonated an atomic bomb “First Lightning” (nicknamed Joe 1 by Americans) US atomic superiority disappeared

15. Rival Alliances NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) signed in 1949 and included most of Western Europe and Canada. It was led by the US. 8 million soldiers Warsaw Pact signed in 1955 and included all of Eastern Europe, controlled by the SU. 7.7 million soldiers