BELLWORK How did Saddam justify his invasion of Kuwait? Describe the Desert Storm campaign. How was it fought? Different stages? Using three specific examples, explain how technology impacted the outcome of the Gulf War. What was the AirLand Doctrine? How was it used in the Gulf War? THINKER: Many historians and politicians consider the Gulf War a simple case of “blood for oil.” To what extent do you agree with this? Explain!

US oil imports by country https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbbl_m.htm

International Response UN established sanctions August 8 – US troops are deployed to Saudi Arabia (Desert Shield) August 10 – Arab League authorized the dispatch of Arab forces to Saudi Arabia November – UN Security Council authorized the use, of any necessary measures to secure the removal of Iraq from Kuwait (Desert Storm) – starting 1/15/91

President George Bush – March 1991: “What is at stake is more than one small country, it is a big idea — a new world order, where diverse nations are drawn together in common cause to achieve the universal aspirations of mankind: peace and security, freedom, and the rule of law” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejDx2l1Eee0 (start at 3:04)

Coalition Fighting Force

Stage 1: Air Assault (Tomahawk Missiles)

Stage 1: Air Assault F4 Phantom II F-117 Nighthawk

Stage 1: Air Assault (F-15)

Impact of Air Campaign

Iraq’s Response: Scud Missiles Tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Exported widely to other countries, in particular developing nations reliant on Soviet military aide

Scud Missiles Scuds were responsible for most of the Coalition deaths outside of Iraq and Kuwait. Total of 88 Scud missiles used 46 were fired into Saudi Arabia and 42 into Israel They killed one Israeli directly and one Saudi security guard by a hotel. 28 members of the Pennsylvania National Guard were killed when one struck a US Army base in Saudi Arabia Military personnel examine the remains of a scud missile

Damage from Iraqi Scud missile in Israel

President Bush and Israeli PM Shamir Israel’s Response Why would Iraq target Israel? The U.S. pressured Israel NOT to respond to Iraqi missiles….. Why? President Bush and Israeli PM Shamir

Damage from Scud missile attack on US base in Saudi Arabia

Iraq Invades Saudi Arabia

Stage 2: Ground Assault 2 major Coalition advantages: Supremacy of Tanks Use of GPS *Iraq anticipated an invasion from naval ships stationed in the Gulf*

Coalition vs. Iraqi Tanks

Laser-guided missile hits its target

Video Clips Precision bombing: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zRjrMqym0 Ground Strikes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMe-mk1Wg2k

Stage 2: Ground Assault

Highway of Death A six-lane highway between Kuwait and Iraq, officially known as Highway 80 The road had been used by Iraqi armed divisions for the 1990 Invasion of Kuwait. Target of coalition bombing campaign (especially by American & Canadian aircraft)

Attack on Highway of Death Attack focused on Iraqi military personnel and others escaping Kuwait on the night of February 26–27, 1991, resulting in the destruction of hundreds of vehicles and the deaths of many of their occupants Between 1,400 and 2,000 vehicles were hit or abandoned

US Army General Norman Schwarzkopf leader of coalition forces “The first reason why we bombed the highway coming north out of Kuwait is because there was a great deal of military equipment on that highway, and I had given orders to all my commanders that I wanted every piece of Iraqi equipment that we possibly could destroy. Secondly, this was not a bunch of innocent people just trying to make their way back across the border to Iraq. This was a bunch of rapists, murderers and thugs who had raped and pillaged downtown Kuwait City and now were trying to get out of the country before they were caught.”

Highway of Death The road was repaired after the Persian Gulf War and used by U.S. and British forces in the initial stages of the 2003 invasion of Iraq

HOMEWORK Finish the Gulf War packet! Focus on reasons for Allied victory, as well as, the political, economic, and environmental effects of the conflict.