Temperate Deciduous Forest By: Michelle Cilli & Olivia Montero Period 5

World Map

Abiotic Factors Air Soil Rocks Water Sunlight Temperature

Biotic Factors Deciduous trees Birch trees Red tailed hawk Coyote Eastern chipmunk Carpet moss

Climate Average temperature is 50 degrees Fahrenheit Average amount of rainfall is 30 to 60 inches As seasons change, the deciduous leaves change colors In winter water becomes unavailable to many plants

Climate graph

NPP

Succession

Flow of store of nutrients

Habitats The deciduous forest is broken down into 5 layers: Tree layer: (tall trees 60-100 feet tall; ex. oak, maple, hickory) Sapling or small tree layer: (smaller trees; ex. dogwood) Shrub layer: (bushes; ex. azaleas) Herb layer: (ex. yearly wildflowers, ferns, and ground level plants) Ground layer: (ex. mosses, club mosses, lichens)

Niches Squirrel searching for acorns and burying them in the ground; some are left behind, and form new trees. Oak tree collecting sunlight for photosynthesis, absorbing water and minerals from soil, and providing shelter for other plants and animals. White-tailed deer help disperse acorns The Eastern Hophornbeam makes cone-like seeds. Maple trees make good shelters for animals and other plants closer to the ground.

Food chain Owl Chipmunk Acorn from oak tree Sunlight

Food Web Earthworm (decomposer) Maggot (decomposer) Millipede (detritivore) Food Web Skunk (scavenger) Cardinal (omnivore) Coyote(2nd level carnivore) Hawk (2nd level carnivore) Fox (1st level carnivore) Frog (1st level carnivore) White-tailed deer (herbivore) Squirrel (herbivore) Rabbit (herbivore) Oak tree (producer) Maple tree (producer) Sun (producer)

Energy pyramid

Biomass Pyramid & Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers: a pyramid showing the feeding relationship & the number of organisms in each trophic level. Biomass Pyramid: A more accurate representation of energy transferred in each trophic level

Trophic levels

10 animals/ adaptations Grizzly bears hibernate during winter Bald eagle migrates to warmer places during fall before lakes freeze over black bears have thick fur to protect them from harsh winters Squirrels collect nuts and hibernate during winter Black bears have long claws to help them climb trees Woodchucks feed themselves as much as possible to go into hibernation during winter Squirrels, chipmunks, and some jays store large amounts of food in the ground or hidden for when winter arrives Snowy owls have white feathers so in winter they can camouflage easier with snow. Pileated woodpecker has along beak in order to find food in trees, such as insects. White tailed deer are very agile and can reach 30 mph to avoid predators such as wolves or coyotes.

5 plants/ adaptation Deciduous trees lose their leaves in winter to minimize water loss Deciduous trees grow their leaves back in summer to capture sunlight Many trees have thick bark to protect against the cold Wildflowers grow on forest floor early in spring because trees grow outwards too and shade the forest floor. Ferns grow early in spring with long, quick-growing leaves so that it can absorb a lot of sunlight before other trees take over.

Human activity Deforestation (oxygen & environmental degradation) Pollution (acid rain) Land utilization (agricultural purposes)

Case study good The World Wildlife Foundation is partnering with other people in hopes to protect unique forest areas from being developed. Forests store carbon so it is essential to keep them healthy in the fight against climate change.

Case study bad Pathogens and parasites have a threat on the temperate deciduous forest biome. Pathogens and parasites can cause the loss of an entire species. As a result, this will mess up energy flow and other factors in this ecosystem.