Figure 2.1: The Major Models of Psychopathology

Figure 2.2: The Internal Structure of the Brain

Figure 2.4: Synaptic Transmission

Figure 2.5: Neurotransmitter Binding

Neurotransmitters - Function Acetylcholine Controls muscles Related to attention and memory Dopamine Control of muscles High amounts can cause hallucinations Endorphins Suppresses pain GABA Inhibitory Norepinephrine Mood, arousal, alertness May be involved in mood and eating disorders Serotonin Suppresses activity and causes sleep Linked with anxiety, mood and eating disorders

Genetic Explanations Alcoholism Schizophrenia Depression

Criticisms of Biological Models Diagnosis Ignores other influences Diathesis-Stress Theory Learned Helplessness

Psychodynamic Defense Mechanisms Repression Blocking information from consciousness Reaction Formation Convert impulses into the exact opposite Projection Attributing threats or thoughts to others Rationalization Explaining behavior with socially acceptable reasons Displacement Directing emotion to a substitute target Undoing A symbolic attempt to right a wrong Regression Retreat to earlier development

Psychoanalysis

Personality Structure

Fixation: Emotional development gets stuck at a particular psychosexual stage

Three Types of Anxiety Figure 2.6 Pg

Post-Freudian Perspectives Less emphasis on sex Freedom of choice and goals Ego autonomy Social forces Object relations Treatment of seriously disturbed people

Criticisms of Psychodynamic Model Not testable Gender Biased SES/Class Bias Just as effective as Placebo No treatment

A Basic Classical Conditioning Process Figure 2.7 Pg

John Watson and Little Albert

The Operant Conditioning Model: Law of effect

Reinforcement and Punishment

Observational Learning You must: Attend Remember Repeat Decide

Analysis of Behavioral Models Contributions: Environment Scientific Method Therapeutic Techniques Criticisms: Animal studies Mechanistic Dismisses other approaches

Cognitive Models Aaron Beck Albert Ellis Thinking is organized in 3 levels Voluntary thoughts Spontaneous thoughts Assumptions about yourself and your world Albert Ellis Irrational thought patterns form your belief system Mustabatory Activities Should Must Ought

Figure 2.8: Ellis’s A-B-C- Theory of Personality

Humanistic Approaches “Reality” Free will “Wholeness” We have the ability to become what we want to be Carl Rogers Person-Centered Therapy Therapists attitudes and relationship Active listening

Abraham Maslow’s Actualizing Tendency

Family Treatment Approaches Communication Message-sending and message-receiving skills Strategic Therapy is a power struggle between client and therapist Structural family approach The system of relationships need to be modified/restructured

Multicultural Model Inferiority model Deprivations or deficit model

Criticisms of Multicultural Model Cultural Relativism Cultural Universality

Figure 2.9: A Tripartite Framework of Personal Identity

Psychosocial Rehabilitation Rehabilitate back into society Hope Empowerment Self-responsibility Maintaining a meaningful role in life