Dyscalculia and the Calculating Brain Isabelle Rapin, MD  Pediatric Neurology  Volume 61, Pages 11-20 (August 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.02.007 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging brain activations and deactivations between the four arithmetic operations in 20 normal adults solving single one- to nine-digit problems compared with identifying digit 5 in a string of meaningless symbols and digits presented visually in a choice reaction time paradigm (correct versus incorrect). Rosenberg-Lee et al. Neuropsychologia. 2011; 49:2592-2608).24 Reproduced with permission of the author and publisher. Pediatric Neurology 2016 61, 11-20DOI: (10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.02.007) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Schematic of the major number pathways in lateral views of the left and right hemispheres, including their massive posterior callosal interhemispheric connections. Not shown are the superior occipitoparietal (spatial, where) and inferior occipitoventrotemporal (identification, what) afferents. For clarity, Dehaene emphasizes frontal parts of the verbal system and omits strong links between the visual number form area and posterior perisylvian phonemic processing cortices and their interconnections with widespread other parts of the verbal system. Dehaene S. Mind & Language. 2001;16:16-36.20 Reproduced with permission of the author and publisher. Pediatric Neurology 2016 61, 11-20DOI: (10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.02.007) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging brain activations by three quantitative visual choice reaction time tasks in 18 11-year-old school agers with dyscalculia compared with 20 matched unaffected children. Top boxes: closest number estimate to the correct exact sum of two displayed single digits; middle boxes: correct exact sum; bottom boxes: which of the two displays had the larger number of objects (number magnitude). Box C displays the same data as Box A but with weaker significance criteria. Kucian et al. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2006;2:31.69 Reproduced from open access paper. DD, developmental dyscalculia; FWE, family-wise error correction; FDR, false discovery rate correction: statistical tools used to evaluate the significance of each task's selective fMRI activation of brain regions of interest. Pediatric Neurology 2016 61, 11-20DOI: (10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.02.007) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions