End of the Cold War ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How can economic and social changes affect a country?

TEKS and Objectives We will… I will… (1F) identify causes and effects of the Cold War (13D) explain the roles of modern world leaders in the collapse of Communism (18E) explain why Communist economies collapsed in competition with free-market economies (21A) explain how people have participated in changing their governments (22E) identify examples of individuals who led resistance to political oppression Summarize important events from the Cold War Era

Soviet Stagnation (1964-1982) Stagnation Failure to advance economically Little incentive to work Farms did not produce enough food Alcoholism/corruption increased Command economy unable to compete with free- market economies

Soviet Stagnation (1964-1982) Détente Natan Sharansky Policy of easing of Cold War tensions Collapsed when Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan Natan Sharansky Founder of Refusenik Movement Imprisoned for demanding human rights

Soviet Stagnation (1964-1982) Soviet-Afghan War Soviets fought Afghan nationalists Cost a lot of Soviet money and lives

The Gorbachev Years (1985-1991) Mikhail Gorbachev Leader of the Soviet Union Sought to reform Communism Glasnost “openness” in Soviet society More freedom of speech/press Allowed Soviets to elect representatives Perestroika Program of economic reform or “restructuring” People allowed to form small businesses Foreign companies invited to invest in USSR

The Gorbachev Years (1985-1991) Ronald Regan U.S. President Called Soviet Union an “evil empire” Challenged Gorbachev to “tear down this wall [Berlin Wall]” New Directions in Foreign Policy End war in Afghanistan Worked with Regan to reduce nuclear arms Allowed democratic governments in Eastern Europe

The Iron Curtain Falls in Eastern Europe Pope John Paul II From Poland First non-Italian Pope in 400 years Inspired a campaign for freedom in Poland Lech Walesa Polish politician Organized an independent trade Union (Solidarity) Led a workers strike in Poland Poland became first to overthrow Communism

The Iron Curtain Falls in Eastern Europe Berlin Wall Knocked down in November of 1989 Helmut Kohl West Germany’s leader Helped negotiate reunification (1990)

The Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991) Military Coup Communist hard-liners overthrew Gorbachev Lacked popular support Communist party greatly discredited Boris Yeltsin Elected President of the Russian Republic Gorbachev could not stop nationalistic uprisings

The Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991) Gorbachev resigned Broken up into 15 independent states

Changes Come to China Deng Xiaoping Land Reforms Succeeded Mao in 1976 Opposed Cultural Revolution Sought to modernize China Land Reforms Communes (state-run farms) disbanded Led to increase in agricultural production

Changes Come to China Consumer Goods New Factory Management China began increased production of goods, such as radios and televisions New Factory Management Government gave control back to managers Limited Capitalism Some private ownership allowed Foreign Investment Brought capital and high- technology

Tiananmen Square and the Limits of Reform Tiananmen Square Massacre College students peaceful protest against Communism Army tanks fired on demonstrators Hundreds killed Western Response Briefly reduced trade with China China now the fastest growing economy in the world

Journal Entry #39 How would you describe the United States’ relationship with Russia today? Do you think the Cold War is truly over? Why or why not?