What are Labor Unions and why did they develop? Progressive Era What are Labor Unions and why did they develop?

Events that Led to Unions Pullman Strike Strike by railway workers President Grover Cleveland sends in troops to break strike Proved that government favored business over labor Haymarket Square Riot Labor rally in Chicago Ended with a bomb blast and riot leaving many dead (7 police officers) Knights of Labor were blamed for casualties

Labor Unions were Necessary Monopolies restricted competition Abuse of natural resources Corporate wealth & power increased Social Darwinism 60 hour week Unsafe, unhealthy conditions No guarantees – little job security Low wages Women & children made even less

Government’s Response Industries unrestrained Courts failed to support fair standards Laissez-faire

Populism FARMERS PROTESTS THE IMPORTANCE OF A THIRD POLITICAL PARTY Increased circulation of money unlimited minting of silver progressive income tax government ownership of national communication and transportation

Tariffs Tax on imported goods- farmers hurt discourages buying foreign goods and promotes domestic industry farmers hurt raised prices of manufactured goods reduced international market for American farm products

FARMERS UNITE Farmers Alliance The Grange farmers formed cooperatives common political causes social outlet Farmers Alliance Federal regulation of railroads more money in circulation women played a major role

GOALS OF PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT Protect Social Welfare Promote Moral Improvement Reform corruption in government Create economic reform

Muckrakers Journalists & writers Artist & photographers Investigated & exposed corruption & injustices

Upton Sinclair – The Jungle

Consumer Protection Pure Food & Drug Act Meat Inspection Act Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle

Poverty Jacob Riis Social Gospel Building codes Better lighting Better ventilated More sanitary

Jacob Riis

Social Settlement Settlement houses Education, child care, social activities, Help finding jobs Hull House – Chicago – Jane Addams

Temperance & Prohibition Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Frances Willard Anti-Saloon League Ease poverty & disease Improve family life Productive economy

18th Amendment (Prohibition) Banned (prohibited)manufacture, sale, & transportation of alcoholic beverages

Prohibition Increased Crime Backfired because it led to organized crime and bootlegging. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g59y65aEW_I

Rights for African-Americans Plessy v. Ferguson Jim Crow “Separate but equal” Lynching's

African American Leaders Booker T. Washington Put political ambition aside Economic security through vocational skills Accommodation W.E.B. Du Bois Demand social & political equality Advanced liberal arts education NAACP

FIGHTING CORRUPTION Political machines and bosses controlled local governments These bosses earned votes by doing favors for people Often these bosses accepted bribes and kickbacks

BOSS TWEED William M. Tweed controlled the New York City police, courts and newspapers Accepted millions of dollars in bribes and kickbacks Went to jail in 1872

SPOILS SYSTEM The practice of appointing people to public office on the basis of a personal relationship, rather than merits. Pendleton Act - created the Civil Service Commission Created an exam for Federal jobs

EXPANDING DEMOCRACY Wisconsin Idea- direct primary elections Seventeenth Amendment- direct election of Senators Oregon System initiative- voters could place issue on ballot referendum- voters could accept or reject laws recall- chance to remove unsatisfactory elected officials

ROOSEVELT’S “SQUARE DEAL” 1902 United Mine Workers Strike Teddy Roosevelt insisted that mine owners negotiate with union 1906 Hepburn Act- government regulates railroad rates 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act - regulates food industry

TRUSTBUSTING 1890 SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT By 1909 the government had filed 42 antitrust actions Beef trust, Standard Oil and American Tobacco Industry broken up or reorganized

TEDDY ROOSEVELT “SQUARE DEAL”- helps Unions TRUSTBUSTER- attempted to break up 42 different trusts CONSERVATIONIST- set aside 200 million acres for conservation

NEW NATIONALISM tariff reduction women’s suffrage Teddy Roosevelt returns tariff reduction women’s suffrage regulation of business end child labor eight hour work day workers compensation direct election of Senators – 17th Amendment