PART ONE: PRAGMATICS (the undertone) THE FRAMEWORK PART ONE: PRAGMATICS (the undertone)

Audience: who it is written for (age, gender, sexuality, social group, class, money, interest group, health) Purpose: primary and secondary (entertain, inform, persuade, instruct) Form/genre: advert, letter, website, bus ticket, leaflet Structure: how parts of the text relate to each other; logical argument; physical structure (paragraph structure, bullet points, table, text boxes)

PART TWO: LEXIS AND SEMANTICS (words and their meanings) THE FRAMEWORK PART TWO: LEXIS AND SEMANTICS (words and their meanings)

Fact and opinion: (truth/correct, morality, NOT straight forward, can be used to mean different things) Emotional: pathos (sympathy) humour (satire- expense of authority, politics etc) detached (formal, powerful) Formality: sophisticated, Latinate lexis Dialect: grammar and words (not accent, that’s sound) archaic/historical lexis (thee/thou could be dialect rather than denoting historical text) everybody has a dialect, some have regional dialect Foreign words: polite and institutional words (French) sophisticated, classical and scientific words (Latin/Greek) down to earth and swear words (German) short words with difficult spellings (Viking) Americanisms: coming into English (hospitalised) Semantic fields: words that are related by a meaning. Words have different meanings according to their context Pronouns: (see grammar) Jargon: technical language that only some people can understand Euphemism: nice way of describing something, understated, a lot of jargon is euphemistic, softens crude language

PART THREE: PHONOLOGY AND IMAGERY THE FRAMEWORK PART THREE: PHONOLOGY AND IMAGERY

Alliteration: words beginning with the same sound Sight alliteration: words with the same letter but not necessarily the same sound (party phone) Onomatopoeia: the sound echoes the sense Assonance: the vowel sound is the same (farm carpet) Consonance: when the consonant sound is repeated but the vowel sound isn’t (ban burn, fan fern) also known as pararhyme (half rhyme) when used in poetry at the end of a line (makes the reader uncomfortable) Metaphor: saying something is something else- a comparison that doesn’t use ‘like’ or ‘as’ Similar: a metaphor but with ‘like’ or ‘as’ saying something is ‘like’ something else Personification: an inanimate object is given human characteristics Symbol: something that represents something else Deliberate misspellings: ‘Kwik’- done to sell Americanisms: color, favorite, neighbor

PART FOUR: GRAPHOLOGY (appearance) THE FRAMEWORK PART FOUR: GRAPHOLOGY (appearance)

Graphics, tables, graphs (used in newspapers- technical) fonts and size frames, verses, colour, flow around texts, headlines, captions

PART FIVE: GRAMMAR (see grammar PowerPoint for more info) THE FRAMEWORK PART FIVE: GRAMMAR (see grammar PowerPoint for more info)

Sentences: simple (the man bit the dog) compound (the man was mad and he bit the dog) complex (being mad, the man bit the dog)- complex sentences denote sophistication Tenses: verb phrases hunt in packs (he should not have thought that he could have done that) Declaratives (statements): not usually important Interrogatives (questions): give people power. The most powerful is rhetorical. Imperatives (commands): direct (shut the door) [directive] Mitigated directives: polite commands, supposedly used more by women, using modal verbs (you should, you need to, you must) and also includes questions (will you?)

Cohesive devices: anaphoric reference: statement followed by bullet points or a list; cataphoric reference: refers to another part of the document, like a footnote/appendix/glossary; exophoric reference: refers to something outside the text like a law or a book In parenthesis: extra information between commas, brackets or dashes Clause of concession/condition: POWER- ‘if’ and one type of ‘as’ clause (IF you do this, this will happen; AS you have done this, this will happen)